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		<title>COL Brian Rees Published in Military Medicine about Meditation</title>
		<link>http://davidleffler.com/2011/col-brian-rees-published-in-military-medicine-about-meditation/</link>
		<comments>http://davidleffler.com/2011/col-brian-rees-published-in-military-medicine-about-meditation/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Dec 2011 19:08:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>davidleffler</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[<a href="http://davidleffler.com/2011/col-brian-rees-published-in-military-medicine-about-meditation/" target="_parent"><img align="right" hspace="5" width="150" src="http://davidleffler.com/images/military-medicine-cover.jpg" class="alignright wp-post-image tfe" alt="" title="Mil Medicine" /></a>Center for Advanced Military Science (CAMS) member Colonel Brian M. Rees, M.D., M.P.H., Medical Corps, US Army Reserve, published an article: &#8220;Overview of Outcome Data of Potential Meditation Training for Soldier Resilience&#8221; in the November issue of Military Medicine. Author: Rees, Brian Source: Military Medicine, Volume 176, Number 11, November 2011 , pp. 1232-1242(11) Publisher: [<a href="http://davidleffler.com/2011/col-brian-rees-published-in-military-medicine-about-meditation/" target="_parent">read more</a>]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/article?option1=tka&amp;value1=%22Overview+of+Outcome+Data+of+Potential+Meditation+Training+for+Soldier+Resilience%22&amp;pageSize=10&amp;index=1" target="_blank"><img class="alignright" title="Mil Medicine" src="http://davidleffler.com/images/military-medicine-cover.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="225" /></a>Center  for Advanced Military Science (CAMS) member Colonel Brian M. Rees, M.D.,  M.P.H., Medical Corps, US Army Reserve, published an article: &#8220;Overview  of Outcome Data of Potential Meditation Training for Soldier Resilience&#8221; in  the November issue of <em>Military Medicine</em>.</p>
<p><strong>Author: </strong>Rees, Brian</p>
<p><strong>Source:</strong> <em>Military Medicine</em>,  Volume 176, Number 11, November 2011 , pp. 1232-1242(11)</p>
<p><strong>Publisher: </strong>AMSUS &#8211; Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.</p>
<p>The article is copyrighted by the journal.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/article?option1=tka&amp;value1=%22Overview+of+Outcome+Data+of+Potential+Meditation+Training+for+Soldier+Resilience%22&amp;pageSize=10&amp;index=1" target="_blank">Click to read the abstract now</a>.</p>
<p>Dr. Rees&#8217; picture, bio and links to other publications are available at the <a href="http://www.istpp.org/military_science/#Rees" target="_blank">CAMS website</a>.</p>
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		<title>India Defence Consultants&#8217; Analysis of Maharishi&#8217;s Supreme Military Science</title>
		<link>http://davidleffler.com/2011/idc2/</link>
		<comments>http://davidleffler.com/2011/idc2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 23 May 2011 21:29:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>davidleffler</dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://davidleffler.com/blog/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<a href="http://davidleffler.com/2011/idc2/" target="_parent"><img align="right" hspace="5" width="150" src="http://davidleffler.com/idcicon.jpg" class="alignright wp-post-image tfe" alt="" title="" /></a>This analysis appears in India Defence Consultants. WHAT&#8217;S HOT? –– ANALYSIS OF RECENT HAPPENINGS Supreme Military Science — Myth or Reality? New Delhi, 13 June 2001 India Defence Consultants&#8217; Analysis of Maharishi&#8217;s Supreme Military Science Read the original article here IDC has received a most interesting thesis of Military management based on the Maharishi system [<a href="http://davidleffler.com/2011/idc2/" target="_parent">read more</a>]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This analysis    appears in <a href="http://www.indiadefence.com/Sup_Mil_Revisited.htm" target="_blank"><em>India    Defence Consultants</em></a>.</p>
<p><img src="http://davidleffler.com/idcicon.jpg" alt="" width="36" height="48" align="middle" /><img src="http://davidleffler.com/idcbanner.jpg" alt="" width="351" height="20" align="middle" /><img src="http://davidleffler.com/indiaW.gif" alt="" width="68" height="50" align="middle" /></p>
<p>WHAT&#8217;S    HOT? –– ANALYSIS OF RECENT HAPPENINGS<br />
Supreme    Military Science — Myth or Reality?<br />
New Delhi, 13 June 2001</p>
<h2>India    Defence Consultants&#8217; Analysis of Maharishi&#8217;s Supreme Military Science</h2>
<p><a href="http://davidleffler.com/idc1.html">Read    the original article here</a></p>
<p>IDC has received    a most interesting thesis of Military management based on the Maharishi    system and has great pleasure in putting an abstract of the same on our    site and we thank the authors. Since we deal with Indian Defence we felt    that it needs to be brought home, that there is great merit in Meditation    and Yoga and IDC can vouch for it and help people who wish to have guidance.    However we are a purely analytical site and have many bull&#8217;s eyes to our    credit, so we take on this article for analysis.</p>
<p>The experiment    may have worked in Mozambique and it is laudable, but in military matters    history has the nagging habit to repeat itself in the same vein, but under    the prevailing circumstances. Man&#8217;s basic instincts have not changed since    Adam and Eve tasted of the forbidden fruit. Maharishiji has done a lot    to help so many people by meshing Indian philosophy with the Western ways    to make the dose palatable and we acknowledge it, but we are six billion    in the world today.<span id="more-426"></span></p>
<p>Therefore despite    corrections and guidance, temptation and conflict will remain a failing    of human nature and continue to exist in varying degrees as society develops,    and will depend on the amount of policing and rule of law in force, to    keep both in check. Conflict between individuals is the lower aspect in    daily life, but conflict between nations is what spurs disagreements and    can lead to skirmishes and wars, whether they be cold or hot. There will    also exist attempts by sages like Maharishi and statesmen to make mankind    aspire for a utopian world, free of conflict and wars, but no one, not    even those at the school of divinity, have had success in finding an elixir    for it.</p>
<p>To help prevent    conflict and keep wars in check there has to be spending on arms by nations    and even Adam Smith said, &#8220;The first duty of the Sovereign is to    provide for the security of the state &#8220;. The world is divided between    the developed and the developing. The former would like to keep their    lead and advancements in armament technology and at times encourage and    abet small wars in the Third World to suit their ends.</p>
<p>In many studies    it has also been established that judicial spending of between 2 to 3%    of the GNP on defence contributes to employment, development, pride and    security of the nation. Its like insurance. Hence we live in a Catch 22    situation. The spending on arms is wasteful but it is also inescapable.    Defence spending in today&#8217;s world which is now witnessing proliferation    of nuclear weapons, is like a bucking horse. If it is let loose and not    reigned in, it can create havoc but if controlled and corralled, it can    offer a safe and comfortable ride to its mount.</p>
<p>Soon after    the Second World War, USA built up its economy and rebuilt Europe thanks    to the Marshall plan. The Military Industrial Complex (MIC) fueled America&#8217;s    economy to become the largest by far in the world. If all this is taken    into account the Maharishi&#8217;s attempt is laudable and may see pockets of    success, but not on a large scale for reasons outlined.</p>
<p>* * * * * *    *</p>
<p><a href="http://davidleffler.com/idc3.html">Read    these comments by the authors of the original article regarding the above    IDC analysis, published by IDC</a>.</p>
<p>Original article:    <a href="http://davidleffler.com/idc1.html">Maharishi&#8217;s Supreme Military Science</a></p>
<p><a href="http://davidleffler.com/idcstart.html">Post-September    11 Comments</a><a href="http://davidleffler.com/idc1.html"><br />
</a></p>
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		<title>A Vedic Approach to Military Defense: Dr. David Leffler&#8217;s Doctoral Dissertation</title>
		<link>http://davidleffler.com/2011/doctoraldissertation/</link>
		<comments>http://davidleffler.com/2011/doctoraldissertation/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 23 May 2011 21:22:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>davidleffler</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[<a href="http://davidleffler.com/2011/doctoraldissertation/" target="_parent"><img align="right" hspace="5" width="150" src="http://davidleffler.com/laser.gif" class="alignright wp-post-image tfe" alt="" title="" /></a>A VEDIC APPROACH TO MILITARY DEFENSE: Reducing Collective Stress Through The Field Effects of Consciousness Project Demonstrating Excellence Presented To The Dean And Members Of The Doctoral Committee Of The Union Institute Graduate School,Cincinnati, Ohio In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy In Consciousness-Based Military Defense By David Robert Leffler, [<a href="http://davidleffler.com/2011/doctoraldissertation/" target="_parent">read more</a>]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>A VEDIC APPROACH TO MILITARY DEFENSE:<br />
Reducing Collective Stress Through The Field Effects of Consciousness</h2>
<div>
<h3>Project Demonstrating Excellence Presented To The Dean And Members Of The Doctoral Committee Of</h3>
<div>
<div>
<p><a href="http://www.tui.edu/" target="_blank">The Union Institute Graduate School,</a><a href="http://www.tui.edu/" target="_blank">Cincinnati, Ohio</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<h3>In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy In Consciousness-Based Military Defense<span id="more-408"></span></h3>
<div class="byline">
<div>
<p>By David Robert Leffler, M.M., M.A.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p>August 26, 1997</p>
<p>© 1997 David R. Leffler All rights reserved.<!-- #EndEditable --><!-- #BeginEditable "Below1" --></p>
<hr /></div>
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<tbody>
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<td>
<h3><a name="ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS"></a>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</h3>
<div>
<p>This Project Demonstrating Excellence is dedicated to the<br />
late Dennis H. French for his remarkable insights into<br />
&#8220;friction&#8221; and &#8220;collective stress&#8221; which this learner has<br />
incorporated into his writing, and to Hal Goldstein the first<br />
person to support this  dream. This learner&#8217;s sincere<br />
gratitude is expressed to his wife, Lee Leffler, Wing<br />
Commander Ravi Badhwar, (Ret.) Major Barry Cave, USA<br />
(Ret.), Paul Frank, Frank Pinto, Robert LeShay, Dennis D. Dey<br />
and to following members and consultants to the Consciousness-<br />
Based Defense doctoral committee:</p>
<p><strong>Lt. Colonel Henry J. Raymond, U.S. Army, (Ret.), Ed.D.<br />
</strong>Former Director, The Adler-Dreikurs Institute &#8211; Bowie State College</p>
<p><strong>George R. Taylor, Ph.D. </strong><br />
Chairman, Dept. of Special Education &#8211; Coppin State College</p>
<p><strong>Kurt W. Kleinschnitz, Ph.D.</strong><br />
Director, Maharishi Vedic School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</p>
<p><strong>Kenneth G. Walton, Ph.D.</strong><br />
Director, Associate Professor, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maharishi University of Management</p>
<p><strong>Vera G. Gartley, Ph.D.</strong><br />
Faculty, Alberta College of Art and Design<strong><br />
</strong></p>
<p><strong>Donald J. Lofland, Ph.D.</strong><br />
Director, Powerlearning Systems, Instructor, West Valley College</p>
<p><strong>CONSULTANTS TO THE DOCTORAL COMMITTEE</strong></p>
</div>
<table border="1" cellspacing="3" width="200" align="right">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Editor&#8217;s note regarding: </strong><strong><a href="http://www.themenwhostareatgoatsmovie.com" target="_blank"><em>The Men Who Stare at Goats </em></a></strong></p>
<p>The similarly titled article published in<em> The Asia Sentinel</em>: <em><a href="http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=2011&amp;Itemid=189" target="_blank"><em><strong>The Men Who Stare at Landmines</strong></em></a></em> associated Invincible Defense Technology with  this project apparently due to Dr. David Leffler&#8217;s relationship with Major General Albert Stubblebine, US Army (Retired) a former commander of the US Army Intelligence  &amp; Security Command (INSCOM).</p>
<p>Stubblebine served as a consultant on Dr. Leffler&#8217;s Consciousness-Based Military Defense doctoral committee. Stubblebine is discussed in the  best-selling book by Jon Bonson: <em>The Men Who Stare at Goats</em>.</p>
<p>In the movie of the same title the character General Hopgood (played  by Stephen Lang) is based on MG Stubblebine. He is satirically portrayed as attempting  to walk through walls without success.</p>
<p>In reality, MG Stubblebine was an intelligent pioneer in the development of human resource technologies. He understood the latent potential of the human mind that warriors would eventually be trained to harness.</p>
<p>Jon Ronson wrote in his book, &#8220;General Stubblebine passionately believes the <a href="http://www.firstearthbattalion.org/" target="_blank">First Earth Battalion</a> doctrine that every human being alive was capable of performing supernatural miracles . .&#8221;</p>
<p>Maharishi  Mahesh Yogi, the founder of Invincible Defense Technology, would argue that so-called  supernatural abilities are normal to a stress-free nervous system if people are properly trained in the correct manner to harness them.</p>
<p>While serving on my doctoral committee, MG Stubblebine helped <a href="http://davidleffler.com/enewsletter/20080411_IDT_News.html#LETTER.BLOCK8" target="_blank">organize Dr. Leffler&#8217;s lecture series in Moscow</a>. Thanks to him, and the late Brig. Gen. Clarence E. Beck, U.S. Army (Ret.),  Dr. Leffler was able to recruit another distinguished general (retired USSR Army General-Major Leonid Shershnev, who fought in Afghanistan) as well as other military-related leaders to participate in Dr. Leffler&#8217;s doctoral program in <a href="http://davidleffler.com/doctoraldissertation.html" target="_blank">Consciousness-Based Military Defense</a>.</p>
<p>Learn more about how militaries worldwide have began to harness the full potential of the human mind using <a href="http://www.invinciblemilitary.org" target="_blank">Invincible  Defense Technology</a>.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div>
<p><strong>Major General Albert N. Stubblebine III, U.S. Army (Ret.) M.A. </strong><br />
Former Commander, U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM)</p>
<p><strong>General-Major Leonid Shershnev, USSR Army (Ret.)</strong><br />
President, National and International Security Foundation, Moscow, CIS</p>
<p><strong>Brig. General Clarence E. Beck, U.S. Army (Ret.), M.B.A.</strong><br />
Former Comptroller, U.S. Army Pacific</p>
<p><strong>Commander Alfred E. Therrien, U.S. Navy (Ret.), M.S.</strong><br />
Former Assistant Program Manager, Fast Attack Support Shipbuilding Program, Naval Sea Systems Command</p>
<p><strong>Lt. Colonel George L. Humphries, U.S. Army, M.A.<br />
</strong>Editor, Latin American editions, <em>Military Review</em> Magazine,  Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas</p>
<p><strong>Lt. Colonel Richard E. Neate, U.S. Air Force Reserve (Ret.), M.S.<br />
</strong>Associate Dept. Chairman, Associate Professor, Maharishi University of Management</p>
<p><strong>Lt. Commander Ray Seebald, U.S. Coast Guard, M.S. </strong><br />
Executive Officer, Marine Safety Office, San Juan P.R.</p>
<p><strong>Rene S. Hernandez, Ph.D. </strong><br />
LCDR, U.S. Navy, Bureau of Naval Personnel, Washington, D.C.</p>
<p><strong>Donald M. Coulter, Ph.D. </strong><br />
Director, Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada</p>
<p><strong>Erast I. Andriankin, Ph.D.</strong><br />
Director, Professor, Dept. of Theoretical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences</p>
<p><strong>Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.<br />
</strong>Director of Psychological Research, Center for Management Research, Maharishi University of Management</p>
<p><strong>Anatoly A. Vasiliev, Ph.D.</strong><br />
Senior Researcher, P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences</p>
<p><strong>Thomas Egenes, Ph.D.</strong><br />
Assistant Professor of the Science of Creative Intelligence and Sanskrit, Maharishi University of Management</p>
<hr /><a href="#ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</a></p>
<p><a href="#ABSTRACT">ABSTRACT</a></p>
<p><a href="#CHAPTERIINTRODUCTIONTOTHEPROJECT"> CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT DEMONSTRATING EXCELLENCE</a></p>
<p><a href="#AExecutive">A.<br />
Executive Summary</a></p>
<p><a href="#BKeyConceptsofMaharishiSupremeMil"> B. Key Concepts of Maharishi&#8217;s Supreme Military Science</a></p>
<p><a href="#CMaharishiSupremeMilitary"> C. Maharishi Supreme Military Science</a></p>
<p><a href="#1TheHistoryandBasisofMaharishi">1. The History and<br />
Basis of Maharishi Supreme Military Science</a></p>
<p><a href="#2ConceptofCollectiveConsciousness"> 2. Concept of Collective Consciousness</a></p>
<p><a href="#3ExamplesofCollectiveConsciousness"> 3. Examples of Collective Consciousness in Vedic Literature</a></p>
<p><a href="#4StressinCollectiveConsciousnes"> 4. Stress in Collective Consciousness Starts Wars</a></p>
<p><a href="#5IsFrictioninWarSimilartoStressin"> 5. Is &#8220;Friction in War&#8221; Similar to &#8220;Stress in Collective Consciousness?&#8221;</a></p>
<p><a href="#DKeyProblemsFacedbyTodaysMilitar"> D. Key Problems Faced by Today&#8217;s Military Planners</a><br />
<a href="#1ExcessStressinMilitaryPersonnelLimits">1. Excess Stress<br />
in Military Personnel Limits Performance</a></p>
<p><a href="#2MilitaryMightIncitesFearinFriendsaswell"> 2. Military Might Incites Fear in Friends as well as Foes</a></p>
<p><a href="#3NoNationisTotally"> 3. No Nation is Totally Protected</a></p>
<p><a href="#CHAPTERIIINDIVIDUALSTRESS"> CHAPTER II. INDIVIDUAL STRESS AND COLLECTIVE STRESS RESEARCH REVIEW</a> <a href="#ADefining">A. Defining<br />
Stress</a></p>
<p><a href="#BConceptsof">B.<br />
Concepts of Stress</a></p>
<p><a href="#CSourcesof">C.<br />
Sources of Stress</a></p>
<p><a href="#DStressIssuesAffectingPolice"> D. Stress Issues Affecting Police Departments</a></p>
<p><a href="#EStressandAlexithymia"> E. Stress and Alexithymia</a></p>
<p><a href="#FTheTranscendentalMeditationandTM"> F. The Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programs</a></p>
<p><a href="#GCreatingaCoherentWarrior"> G. Creating a Coherent Warrior on the Individual Level through the</a></p>
<p><a href="#GCreatingaCoherentWarrior"> Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs</a></p>
<p><a href="#1ThePhysiologicalLevel"> 1. The Physiological Level</a></p>
<p><a href="#2ThePsychologicalLevel"> 2. The Psychological Level</a></p>
<p><a href="#3TheBehavioralLevel"> 3. The Behavioral Level</a></p>
<p><a href="#4IndividualBenefitsofParticularInterestto"> 4. Individual Benefits of Particular Interest to Today&#8217;s Warriors</a></p>
<p><a href="#5ImprovementsinHealthandReductio"> 5. Improvements in Health and Reduction in Health Care Costs</a></p>
<p><a href="#6ScientificResearchIndicatingHigherStatesof"> 6. Scientific Research Indicating Higher States of Consciousness</a></p>
<p><a href="#HThePotentialtoUseMilitaryPrevent"> H. The Potential to Use Military Prevention Wings to Create Coherence<br />
on the Societal Level by Eliminating Hostile Tendencies in the Environment<br />
through Maharishi Supreme Military Science</a><br />
<a href="#Figure1IllustrationofConventionalLightand">Figure 1. Illustration<br />
of Conventional Light and Laser Light</a><br />
<a href="#1TheMaharishiEffect">1. The Maharishi Effect</a></p>
<p><a href="#2TheExtendedMaharishi"> 2. The Extended Maharishi Effect</a></p>
<p><a href="#aEffectsonCity"> a. Effects on City Life</a></p>
<p><a href="#bEffectsonStateandProvincial"> b. Effects on State and Provincial Life</a></p>
<p><a href="#cEffectsonNationalLifeandEffects"> c. Effects on National Life and Effects on Neighboring Countries</a></p>
<p><a href="#dEffectsonInternationalConflictandQuality"> d. Effects on International Conflict and Quality of Life</a></p>
<p><a href="#3TheGlobalMaharishi"> 3. The Global Maharishi Effect</a></p>
<p><a href="#4ThePossibleExplanationforthe"> 4. The Possible Explanation for the Effects</a></p>
<p><a href="#ICriticismofResearchonTheTranscendental"> I. Criticism of Research on The Transcendental Meditation Program</a></p>
<p><a href="#JCriticismoftheResearchontheMaha"> J. Criticism of the Research on the Maharishi Effect</a></p>
<p><a href="#CHAPTERIIITHEINTERVENTION"> CHAPTER III. THE INTERVENTION STUDY</a> <a href="#AThePurposesoftheIntervention"> A. The Purposes of the Intervention Study</a><br />
<a href="#1Hypotheses">1. Hypotheses</a><br />
<a href="#BTheNeedForTheIntervention">B. The Need For The Intervention<br />
Study</a></p>
<p><a href="#CTheDesignandMethodsOfTheIntervention"> C. The Design and Methods Of The Intervention Study</a></p>
<p><a href="#1Populationand">1.<br />
Population and Sample</a></p>
<p><a href="#2ProceduresandTechniques"> 2. Procedures and Techniques</a></p>
<p><a href="#3Instrumentation">3.<br />
Instrumentation</a></p>
<p><a href="#4DataAnalysis">4.<br />
Data Analysis</a></p>
<p><a href="#CHAPTERIVRESULTSANDCONCLUSIONS"> CHAPTER IV. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE INTERVENTION STUDY</a> <a href="#ATheIndependentVariableNumbersin"> A. The Independent Variable &#8212; Numbers in the Coherence Creating Group</a><br />
<a href="#Figure2Purusha">Figure 2: Purusha Numbers</a><br />
<a href="#BTestsof">B. Tests of Hypotheses</a><br />
<a href="#Table">Table 1: TAS Statistical Tests</a></p>
<p><a href="#Figure3EveryBlockFirstWeekPOMS"> Figure 3: Every Block First Week &#8211; POMS</a></p>
<p><a href="#Figure4EveryBlockFirstWeekTASPSS"> Figure 4: Every Block First Week &#8211; TAS, PSS</a></p>
<p><a href="#Table2">Table<br />
2: TAS Statistical Tests</a></p>
<p><a href="#Table3">Table<br />
3: Perceived Stress Scale Statistical Tests</a></p>
<p><a href="#Table4">Table<br />
4: Perceived Stress Scale Statistical Tests</a></p>
<p><a href="#Figure5FirstBlockPOMS"> Figure 5: First Block &#8211; POMS</a></p>
<p><a href="#Figure6SecondBlockPOMS"> Figure 6: Second Block &#8211; POMS</a></p>
<p><a href="#Figure7ThirdBlockPOMS"> Figure 7: Third Block &#8211; POMS</a></p>
<p><a href="#Table5">Table<br />
5: POMS Statistical Tests</a></p>
<p><a href="#Table6">Table<br />
6: POMS Statistical Tests</a></p>
<p><a href="#Table7">Table<br />
7: POMS Statistical Tests</a></p>
<p><a href="#Table8">Table<br />
8: POMS Statistical Tests</a></p>
<p><a href="#BInterpretationofResultsoftheIntervention"> B. Interpretation of Results of the Intervention Study</a></p>
<p><a href="#CLimitationsoftheIntervention"> C. Limitations of The Intervention Study</a></p>
<p><a href="#DSignificanceoftheIntervention"> D. Significance of the Intervention Study</a></p>
<p><a href="#ESummaryoftheInterventionStudyHyp"> E. Summary of the Intervention Study Hypotheses, Method, and Findings</a></p>
<p><a href="#FConclusionsdrawnfromtheInterventi"> F. Conclusions drawn from the Intervention Study</a></p>
<p><a href="#GDiscussionandPossibleExplanationsofthe"> G. Discussion and Possible Explanations of the Observed Outcomes</a></p>
<p><a href="#HRecommendationsBasedontheInterven"> H. Recommendations Based on the Intervention Study Findings</a></p>
<p><a href="#CHAPTERVCREATINGANIDEALMILITARYORGANIZATION"> CHAPTER V. CREATING AN IDEAL MILITARY ORGANIZATION USING MAHARISHI SUPREME<br />
MILITARY SCIENCE</a> <a href="#AANewRolefortheMilitaryPreventi"> A. A New Role for the Military &#8212; Preventing the Birth of an Enemy</a></p>
<p><a href="#BTheMaharishiEffecttheFirstTruly"> B. The Maharishi Effect, the First Truly Defensive Defense System</a></p>
<p><a href="#CAnticipatingtheChangeintheCharac"> C. Anticipating the Change in the Character of War &#8212; No War</a></p>
<p><a href="#DMaharishiSupremeMilitaryScienceTechnology"> D. Maharishi Supreme Military Science Technology May Be the Most</a></p>
<p><a href="#DMaharishiSupremeMilitaryScienceTechnology"> Cost-Effective, Innovative, and Humane Defense System Available</a></p>
<p><a href="#REFERENCES">REFERENCES</a></p>
<p><a href="#APPENDIXAMAHARISHIEFFECT"> APPENDIX A: MAHARISHI EFFECT PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS</a></p>
<p><a href="#APPENDIXBBIOGRAPHICALDATAFORSTRESS"> APPENDIX B: BIOGRAPHICAL DATA FOR STRESS STUDY</a></p>
<p><a href="#APPENDIXCOTHER">APPENDIX<br />
C: OTHER DOCUMENTATION</a></p>
<hr /></div>
<h3><strong><a name="ABSTRACT"></a>ABSTRACT</strong></h3>
<div>
<p><strong>Name: </strong>Leffler, David Robert</p>
<p><strong>Title: </strong>A Vedic Approach to Military Defense: Reducing Collective Stress Through the Field Effects of Consciousness</p>
<p><strong>Descriptor: </strong>Maharishi Effect, consciousness, collective stress, Maharishi Supreme Military Science, Alexithymia, stress, Transcendental Meditation, Peace studies, Defense studies, Peacekeeping, Peacemaking</p>
<p>Extensive research conducted on novel human resource technologies derived from the ancient Vedic tradition by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the Transcendental Meditation (TM) and TM-Sidhi programs, suggests that if military personnel practiced these technologies, their performance levels and quality of life would be greatly enhanced. Research also indicates that, when practiced by an individual, these non-religious technologies produce deep rest, release deep-rooted effects of stress, and increase dynamism, teamwork and positive social behavior. In addition to these effects on individual practitioners, over 40 studies indicate that group practice of these technologies alleviate the collective stress in society &#8212; viewed as the root cause of adversarial relationships leading to war. This phenomenon of removing collective stress and increasing positive trends in society through these techniques of       consciousness is known as the &#8220;Maharishi Effect&#8221; and might be used by the military to avert the rise of enemies and prevent hostilities. However, there is a need for more widespread awareness of the apparent potential of this approach and of its likely applicability to defense. This intervention study attempts to further test the ability of these technologies to reduce stress in society when a small group of experts (100-150) are sent to a specific location for a limited time. Its purpose was to ascertain whether collective practice of the TM and TM-Sidhi programs by such experts would alter psychological indicators       of stress in employees of a nearby police department who were not practicing the technologies and were blind to the purpose of the study. Scores on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, a measure of the ability to be aware of and report the level of stress, decreased during the intervention and rose again afterwards. This pattern was predicted based on prior research, and the change reached significance statistically. Scores on the Perceived Stress Scale showed the same significant pattern of change, but fell short of significance for the actual amount of change. These scores may suggest that stress level was lowered in this police sample, although the lack of change in Profile of Mood States (another indicator of stress level) did not support this finding.</p>
<hr /></div>
<h3><a name="CHAPTERIINTRODUCTIONTOTHEPROJECT"></a><strong> CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT DEMONSTRATING EXCELLENCE</strong></h3>
<h4><a name="AExecutive"></a>A.  Executive Summary</h4>
<div>
<p>Total security for any country can not be ensured, at least not through the current defense paradigm, due to the level of sophistication of  today&#8217;s weapons. Thus, defense planners are continually striving to find ways to deal with uncertainty (Crocker, Hampson, Aall, 1996; Davis, 1994; Cronin, 1993; The United States Marine Corps, 1994). However, if history is a predictor of the future, it will be difficult to maintain superiority because any new technologies developed in one country are eventually obtained by its adversary. The proliferation of new weapons technologies is likely to increase the complexity of future conflicts and further increase uncertainty. Therefore, it is probable that the old paradigm of using weapons of force will not eliminate uncertainty or wars. A growing body of research conducted on the Transcendental Meditation ® (TM®) and TM-Sidhi ® programs, part of the practical component of a new defense paradigm called &#8220;Maharishi Supreme Military Science<sup>SM</sup>,&#8221; indicates there is a possibility that insecurity and uncertainty can be eliminated without the use of weapons (Kleinschnitz, 1997, Brown, 1996). Theoretically, during collective practice of this human resource     technology, practitioners enliven a field of &#8220;pure consciousness&#8221; &#8212; possibly the same field as the unified field of natural law proposed by physicists (Hagelin, 1987; 1989; Hameroff &amp; Penrose, 1996; Kleinschnitz, 1997). Regular daily experience of this field of pure consciousness during meditation is held to be responsible for the reductions of individual and collective stress observed in numerous studies. The build-up of collective societal stress, postulated to be the root cause of adversarial relationships ultimately leading to conflict and war, is prevented. Maharishi Supreme Military Science asserted (Maharishi, 1996) and research demonstrated (see Appendix A: 28, 29, 30) that nations with reduced collective or societal stress would be more likely to befriend former enemies, and thus to become &#8220;invincible&#8221; in the sense that no country     would elect to attack its friends. In such a situation, adversarial relationships would no longer exist, and defense planners would be more certain of the stability of international relationships (Maharishi, 1996).</p>
<p>A technology capable of eliminating     the insecurities and uncertainties of adversarial relationships could have a major impact by achieving the ultimate goal of defense planning &#8212; total security. The goal of this Project Demonstrating Excellence for this learner&#8217;s Ph.D. program in Consciousness-Based Military Defense has been to contribute further to the testing and elucidation of the wide-ranging possibilities of this proposed peace-creating technology. It is hoped that this small contribution will aid in the acceptance     and application of this technology by militaries everywhere. If effectiveness of the technology is upheld by further research, perhaps conducted by the military itself, the end result of applying Maharishi&#8217;s consciousness-based technology could well be the reduction of destructive defense strategies and the creation of a safer world. Thus, the military&#8217;s current adversarial approach, which has been born out of fear and has been a factor in the cause of war, could change to Maharishi&#8217;s consciousness-based approach, which could reduce fear and become a factor towards averting war.</p>
</div>
<h4><a name="BKeyConceptsofMaharishiSupremeMil"></a> B. Key Concepts of Maharishi Supreme Military Science</h4>
<div>
<p>1. Age of Enlightenment &#8212; The ultimate goal of Maharishi Supreme Military Science is to create this age where &#8220;[n]ot     only will no one harm anyone, but everyone will be a joy to everyone  else in the most spontaneous manner, and every nation will be a joy to every other nation&#8221; (Maharishi, 1986a, p. 49).</p>
<p>2. Collective Consciousness &#8212; A society&#8217;s collective     consciousness is proposed to be the sum of the influences created by its individual members. This collective consciousness, in turn, affects     the thoughts and feelings of those same individuals.</p>
<p>3. Creative Intelligence &#8212; the impulses or laws     of nature responsible for the whole manifest universe.</p>
<p>4. Higher States of Consciousness     &#8212; defined by Hagelin (1987,     p. 79) as follows:</p>
<p><a name="1Pure"></a>1) <em> Pure consciousness</em> &#8212;        the unified ground state of consciousness in which consciousness is       identified with the unified field.</p>
<p>2) <em>Cosmic consciousness</em> &#8212; [the state of consciousness]         in which the experience of pure consciousness is permanently established         along with waking, dreaming, and deep sleep states of consciousness.         In this state, consciousness maintains its identification with the         unified field while the mind and emotions are fully engaged in activity.</p>
<p>3) <em>Refined cosmic consciousness</em> &#8212; similar to cosmic         consciousness except that the functioning of the mind and senses         has become further refined. Sense objects are perceived in their         most refined values and the emotions are said to achieve their full         development.</p>
<p>4) <em>Unity consciousness</em> &#8212; the state of consciousness         in which the object, as well as the subject, is experienced as the         unified field.</p>
<p>5. <em>Rashtriya kavach</em> &#8212; the Sanskrit term for   a &#8220;national armor&#8221; of friendliness created through the regular practice   of meditation, which prevents war by disallowing an enemy from arising.</p>
<p>6. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi &#8212; (&#8220;Maha&#8221; means great, &#8220;rishi&#8221; means seer or teacher, &#8220;Mahesh&#8221; means destroyer of ignorance,     &#8220;Yogi&#8221; means one who has obtained &#8220;yoga&#8221; or union or enlightenment.) Maharishi is a title bestowed upon many masters of the Vedic tradition.     Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is the name given to the founder of the Transcendental Meditation program by his teacher.</p>
<p>7. Maharishi Effect &#8212; defined in the book <em> The Maharishi Effect</em> (1990, p. 13) as follows:</p>
<blockquote><p>I. The Maharishi Effect &#8212; the improved quality of life in society produced by 1% of the population participating in the <em>Transcendental Meditation program</em>;</p>
<p>II. The Extended Maharishi Effect &#8212; the improved quality of life in society produced when the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">square root of 1%</span> of the population participates in the group practice of the <em>Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs</em>; [i.e. all are sitting together in one place at the same time] and</p>
<p>III. The Global Maharishi Effect &#8212; the decreased conflict and improved trends of life in the world produced when the square root of 1% of the world&#8217;s population participates in the group practice of the <em>Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs</em>.</p></blockquote>
<div>
<p>8. Maharishi Vedic Science and Technology &#8212; When written in this context these words refer to both the theoretical aspects of Vedic Science (see &#8220;Vedic Science&#8221;) and the practical aspects involved in applying this knowledge, such as the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs.</p>
<p>9. Object-referral &#8212; attending only to the observed (or known) rather than considering the unified experience of     observer (knower), process of observation (or knowing) and the observed(the known) in which consciousness is awake to its full unbounded nature     as the Self, as in &#8220;self-referral consciousness.&#8221;</p>
<p>10. Natural law     &#8212; this Project Demonstrating     Excellence will extend the usual meaning of this concept, namely that     natural law is the body of nature&#8217;s regulating intelligence that creates,     maintains and preserves all levels of life &#8212;      individual, family, national,     global and cosmic. The extension comes in a concept that when life is     lived in accord with natural law, then it is &#8220;supported by nature.&#8221;     On the other hand, if natural law is &#8220;violated&#8221;, then, &#8220;stress&#8221; is generated.     This stress is thought to cause the strained trends and tendencies in     the individual and the environment which ultimately erupt as violence,     terrorism, conflict, and other forms of negativity.</p>
<p>11. Pure awareness     &#8212; awareness of awareness     itself, the awareness of the knower knows the awareness of one&#8217;s self     through the process of awareness. This is the most pure level of knowingness.</p>
<p>12. Pure knowledge     &#8212; Maharishi Mahesh Yogi     (1987) defined pure knowledge as &#8220;the state of awareness in which consciousness     knows itself alone, when awareness is completely self-referral, when     awareness has nothing other than itself in its structure.&#8221; (p. 1)</p>
<p>13. <em>Samhita</em> &#8212; refers to the state     of awareness in which there is a unitary or wholeness of relationship     between the observer, the process of observation and the observed (see     &#8220;pure knowledge&#8221;).</p>
<p>14. <a href="http://davidleffler.com/sci.html">Science     of Creative Intelligence® (SCI)</a> &#8212;      the science of consciousness founded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi which     links objective (e.g., modern science) and subjective approaches to     knowledge.</p>
<p>15. Self-interacting dynamics     &#8212; the proposed all-powerful,     immortal, infinite dynamism found at the unmanifest basis of creation     (the unified field), when consciousness knows itself.</p>
<p>16. Self-referral     &#8212; the process by which     pure consciousness, by virtue of being &#8220;conscious,&#8221; knows itself and     becomes awake within its own nature, simultaneously being observer (knower),     process of observation (process of knowing) and observed (the known).</p>
<p>17. Serotonin     &#8212; the chemical, 5-hydroxytryptamine,     [C10H22ON2], derived from L-tryptophan, found in nerve and blood tissue,     used to cause contractions of smooth muscles such as those existing     in the intestine and the lining of the blood vessels. Serotonin has     been identified as an important neurotransmitter in the brain and other     parts of the body. Low levels of serotonin availability are believed     to lead to aggression, mental disorders and substance abuse.</p>
<p>18. Transcendental Meditation     (TM) program &#8212;      a natural, effortless and simple procedure which allows the mind to     settle down through progressively finer states of its own activity to     experience transcendental consciousness or a deep state of restful alertness.     The TM technique originates from the Vedic tradition. More than four     million people worldwide have learned the TM technique. The goal of     practicing the TM program <span style="text-decoration: underline;">is not</span> to become a passive individual     but to eliminate stress and its performance-limiting consequences, in     part through providing a unique, deep state of rest. (Rest is held to     be the basis for more successful, dynamic activity.) This leads to greater     success, achievement and fulfillment.</p>
<p>19. TM-Sidhi program     &#8212; (&#8220;sidhi&#8221; means perfection)     The TM-Sidhi program is held to develop the ability to think and act     from the least excited state of consciousness, the proposed unified     field of all the laws of nature. The goal of this practice is the development     of &#8220;sidhis,&#8221; or supernormal abilities, which are thought to be acquired     from perfection of mind-body coordination, held in the long Vedic tradition     to arise from the development of higher states of consciousness.</p>
<p>20. Transcendental consciousness     &#8212; a proposed fourth state     of consciousness, or pure awareness, experienced during the practice     of the Transcendental Meditation technique, with different parameters     from waking, dreaming and sleeping states of consciousness. During the     experience of transcendental consciousness, the individual experiences     profound rest, removing deeply rooted effects of stress. This process     is thought to rejuvenate and revitalize the entire nervous system.</p>
<p>21. Undifferentiated intelligence     &#8212; another way of describing     pure awareness or pure intelligence, the state where consciousness is     open only to itself.</p>
<p>22. Unified field     &#8212; ultimate level of super-unification     of all the fundamental forces of nature, proposed by some theoretical     physicists to be at the basis of creation, where all the known forces     of nature (the weak force, the strong force, the electromagnetic force,     and gravitation) are united. All matter and space are proposed to emerge     from the unified field.</p>
<p>23. Unified field of consciousness     &#8212; the abstract, dynamic,     least excited, self-sufficient source of all mental processes, thought     to be contacted and enlivened during the practice of the TM technique.     Maharishi and theoretical physicists propose that it is one and the     same with the unified field of physics defined above.</p>
<p>24. <em>Veda</em> &#8212; (knowledge) Maharishi     Mahesh Yogi defines Veda as &#8220;pure knowledge and the infinite organizing     power that is inherent in the structure of pure knowledge.&#8221; (Maharishi,     1987, p. 1)25. Vedic Science     &#8212; the science of Veda,     which describes the sequential mechanics through which the three-in-one     structure of the unified field (knower, known, process of knowing) stimulates     the infinite range and diversity of natural law displayed in the universe.</p>
</div>
<h4><a name="CMaharishiSupremeMilitary"></a> C. Maharishi Supreme Military Science</h4>
<blockquote>
<div>Such a beautiful hope       for the world. When the military rises in creative intelligence, world       peace will be a reality. When the military rises in creative intelligence,       &#8216;do less and accomplish more&#8217; will be the result. Victory before war.       The purpose of the military is to keep war from happening       &#8212;  or to end it quickly       if it does happen. (Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, <em>Maharishi International       University Catalogue 1974-75</em>, p. 381)</div>
</blockquote>
<div>The founder and chief proponent   of Maharishi Supreme Military Science is Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (hereafter   called &#8220;Maharishi&#8221;), a Vedic scholar and scientist of consciousness. Maharishi   Supreme Military Science is a proposed new prevention-oriented defense   paradigm based on the ancient science of consciousness, described in part   in the Vedic literature of India. It was so labeled by Maharishi because   he recognized its potential to prevent the birth of an enemy, a principle   he abbreviates with the phrase &#8220;victory before war.&#8221; His vision is that   any country taking full advantage of this technology could become invincible   by averting the creation of an enemy. Maharishi contends that collective   stress in a nation&#8217;s citizenry ultimately creates enemies and leads to   war and terrorism. Therefore, he asserts that if a nation has no collective   stress, it remains &#8220;friends&#8221; with everyone. Friends resolve their differences   peacefully rather than fight. For this reason, no collective stress in   a nation ensures its security and invincibility. Maharishi further asserts   that invincibility can never be attained through weapons, but can only   be attained if a nation is incapable of creating enemies.Maharishi also calls his system     of defense &#8220;supreme&#8221; because it not only considers the field of the     observed (the known or perceived reality), as in conventional military     science, but also develops the full potential of warriors as observers     (knowers) as well as their process of observation (process of knowing),     which is thought to link the warriors as observers to the observed world.     In order to fully incorporate these three areas, Maharishi Supreme Military     Science not only recognizes the objective technology of modern science,     but also expounds a proposed subjective, consciousness-based scientific     technology as well.Maharishi Supreme Military Science     focuses on the inner, most fundamental level of the individual&#8217;s own     awareness, the experience of a proposed fourth state consciousness.     Extensive scientific research (to be discussed later) indicates this     state of awareness is a field of &#8220;pure consciousness&#8221; (<a href="#BKeyConceptsofMaharishiSupremeMil">see     &#8220;Key Concepts of Maharishi Supreme Military Science&#8221;</a>). The research     also shows that the unique state of pure consciousness gained from the     implementation of Maharishi Supreme Military Science is not qualified     as an object-referral or individual experience, but is consciousness     in its undifferentiated state. Individuals experiencing pure consciousness     reported it to be devoid of any individualizing influence or external     objects of experience (Alexander, et al., 1990). For this reason, at     a later stage of development, they described the experience as just     themselves (the observers) becoming one with the observed. The evidence     (that will be presented) is strong that the experience of this proposed     state of consciousness can be gained repeatedly through the practice     of a simple, natural mental technique.The ancient Vedic tradition from     which Maharishi Supreme Military Science was drawn postulated that the     individual&#8217;s own pure awareness was intimately connected with the fundamental     nature of the environment as a whole. The individual&#8217;s &#8220;pure awareness&#8221;     was viewed as a field of consciousness which some physicists feel was     the same as the proposed unified field in physics (Hagelin, 1987; 1989;     Hameroff &amp; Penrose, 1996; Kleinschnitz, 1997).From their research in high-energy     particle physics, a number of physicists have postulated the existence     of a single unified field of all the laws of nature, an unmanifest field     of pure intelligence in nature. The unified field was unmanifest and     unbounded in the sense that it precedes the formation of time and space     (Schwartzschild, 1985; Waldrop, 1985). The unified field was proposed     to embody the property of complete self-interaction or self-referral.     Through its own self-interacting dynamics it arouses all laws of nature     and all manifest phenomena.Maharishi (1986a) and physicists     like John Hagelin (1987) postulated that the proposed unified field     of physics and the proposed field of pure consciousness were one and     the same. They held that this ultimate level of super-unification of     all the fundamental forces of nature was a field of all possibilities,     (i.e., all possible expressions of this field were hypothesized to be     represented there much as the branches, leaves and fruit of a tree were     represented in its seed). Obviously, if this is proved to be true, a     technology based on this level would dramatically revolutionize the     tactics and strategies of military science, as well as radically change     the world view. It is hoped that this Project Demonstrating Excellence,     with its emphasis in Maharishi Supreme Military Science, will inspire     others to explore some of these possibilities by becoming pioneering     proponents of this proposed new paradigm of absolute defense.</div>
<h5><a name="1TheHistoryandBasisofMaharishi"></a> 1. The History and Basis of Maharishi Supreme Military Science</h5>
<div>Both the Transcendental Meditation     program and the more advanced TM-Sidhi program, the practical components     of Maharishi Supreme Military Science, were derived by Maharishi from     the ancient Vedic tradition. The Vedic tradition was thought to be the     oldest recorded tradition of knowledge in the world (Frawley, 1991).     Maharishi Supreme Military Science has its basis in the <em>samhita</em> of the Veda. The founders of the Vedic tradition referred to the <em>samhita</em> as a simple, unified state of awareness as &#8220;pure consciousness.&#8221; Pure     consciousness was an undifferentiated, self-interacting or self-referral     (referring back to itself) state of consciousness. It was completely     different from waking, dreaming or sleeping states of consciousness     because in the state of pure consciousness, consciousness was awake     only to itself. Like waking, dreaming, and sleeping pure consciousness     had its own physiological and psychological character (Farrow, 1975;     Travis &amp; Wallace, 1997). Unlike the other states of consciousness,     pure consciousness knew its own nature to be simple, unified and pure     (Chandler, 1987, p. 8-9).According to Vedic tradition,     this state of pure consciousness, <em>samhita</em>, ultimately was nothing     but these self-referral dynamics. Because consciousness structures all     properties of knowledge by its underlying self-interacting dynamics     of knowing itself, the <em>samhita</em> was the most important aspect     of <em>Veda</em> to understand. <em>Samhita </em>was the subjective state     marked by the togetherness of three-in-one: it was when <em>rishi </em>(the     knower or observer), <em>devata </em>(the process of knowing or the process     of observation), and <em>chhandas</em> (the known or observed) were known     to be one and the same. That is, the intellect, while remaining one     wholeness, conceived these three values. Vedic tradition also asserted     that this process of consciousness knowing itself (the self-interacting     dynamics of consciousness) stirred all the diversity and hence all activity     found in nature. Therefore, Vedic teachings held that the basis of all     knowledge (including military art and science) was found in the full     potential of the knower, the process of knowing, and the known located     in the eternal silence of the <em>samhita</em> &#8212;  the togetherness of     three-in-one. The Vedic point of view held that through several varied     transformations and interactions of these (the three intellectually-conceived     values) all of creation sequentially emerged (Maharishi, 1985, p. 68).     Maharishi&#8217;s interpretation of this theoretical framework of the <em>samhita </em>of the Veda, along with its component of ancient military art and     science (<em>Dhanur-Veda</em> ), awakens the proposed unified field     &#8212;  or consciousness-based-system     of defense which is referred to here as Maharishi Supreme Military Science.     The main concept of collective consciousness underlying Maharishi Supreme     Military Science is discussed in the Vedic literature. The next two     sections will explain the concept and present some descriptions taken     from the Vedic literature.</div>
<h5><a name="2ConceptofCollectiveConsciousness"></a> 2. Concept of Collective Consciousness</h5>
<div>To understand the concept of     collective consciousness, a military example may be useful. Military     units such as battalions, divisions, squadrons, wings, fleets, battlegroups,     etc. are social structures. Each unit exhibits its own varying degree     of orderliness and harmony which produces its own collective spirit     or morale. Throughout history high morale has been a powerful strategic     asset. This was especially true concerning the society the military     protected. For example, contrast the morale of the U.S.A. during World     War II with the lack of it during the Vietnam conflict. Similarly, <em>Maharishi&#8217;s     Absolute Theory of</em> <em>Defense</em> (Maharishi, 1996) viewed society&#8217;s     &#8220;morale&#8221; as an aspect or manifestation of collective consciousness,     a potential strategic asset. The collective consciousness of society     was proposed to be the sum of the influences created by its individual     members. This collective consciousness, in turn, affected the thoughts     and feelings of those same individuals.</div>
<h5><a name="3ExamplesofCollectiveConsciousness"></a> 3. Examples of Collective Consciousness in Vedic Literature</h5>
<div>Maharishi often quoted two verses     from the Vedic tradition when discussing use of the Maharishi Effect     to create the Vedic ideal of a prevention-oriented defense:<em>Tat sannidhau vairatyagah</em> . (Yog-Sutra, 2.35) In the vicinity of Yogic influence       &#8212; unifying influence,       integrating influence, coherent and harmonious influence       &#8212;  conflicting tendencies       do not arise (cited in Maharishi, 1996, p. 11)<em>Heyam duhkham anagatam</em>.         (Yog-Sutra, 2.16) Avert the danger before it arises (cited in Maharishi,         1996, p. 12)The Charaka-Samhita, an ancient   book of Ayurvedic medicine (sometimes spelled Caraka-Samhita, 5000 B.C./1981)   stated:        Likewise, unrighteousness       [caused by incoherent collective consciousness] is also the cause       of the destruction of the community by weapons. Those who have excessively       increased greed, anger, attachment and conceit, disregarding the weak,       attack each other, or their enemies or are attacked by their enemies,       resulting in the loss of themselves, their kinsmen and enemies. (p.       318)          According to the Vedic tradition,   unrighteousness was the result of ignorance of how to create coherence   in collective consciousness. For example, the Ramayana (5000 B.C./1949,   p. 266) stated that &#8220;&#8230;ignorance will have no access within eight miles   from it&#8221; [the Yogi's hermitage].The Ramayana of Valmiki (5000     B.C./1957) described the ancient city of Ayodhya. On one level this     city relied on traditional defense systems. For instance, &#8220;It was enclosed     by strong fortifications and a deep moat, which no enemy, by any expedient     whatsoever, could penetrate&#8221; (p. 18). Also, &#8220;Ayodhya abounded in warriors     undefeated in battle, fearless and skilled in the use of arms, resembling     lions guarding their mountain caves&#8221; (p. 20). However, an enlightened     interpretation of preventive defense could be argued from the descriptions     of the righteous stress-free lifestyle of the inhabitants of Ayodhya.     Perhaps Ayodhya&#8217;s first line of defense was created by the purity of     the inhabitants&#8217; collective consciousness obtained through the Maharishi     Effect, &#8220;&#8230;the brilliance of which&#8221; according to Valmiki, &#8220;spread for     four miles, [Ayodhya] was worthy of its name&#8221; ["The City none can challenge     in warfare"] (p. 21).</div>
<h5><a name="4StressinCollectiveConsciousnes"></a> 4. Stress in Collective Consciousness Starts Wars</h5>
<div><em>Maharishi&#8217;s Absolute Theory     of Defense</em> (Maharishi, 1996) propounded the theory that the outbreak     of collective violence or warfare was due to the build-up of stress     and tension in society&#8217;s collective consciousness. If the collective     consciousness was full of tension and fear, then disorder was more liable     to erupt than if the prevailing mood was one of contentment. Social     injustice and unfavorable economic conditions thrived in, as well as     contributed to, chaotic environments. Unresolved religious, territorial,     political, and cultural differences further contributed to unrest. Thus,     the frustrated and dissatisfied population of any country contributed     to its instability. The build up of this sort of tension in the nation     became dangerous to its sovereignty, producing an unstable government     that was more prone to war.A relentless series of tensions     and crises lead to the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and     his wife triggering World War I. Social unrest and political instability     also contributed to the coming to power of Adolf Hitler. Disorder can     take the form of civil strife or of conflict with neighboring countries.     If a war between nations, a civil war, or even a <em>coup d&#8217;état</em> occurs, the possibilities of escalation may increase because, frequently,     other groups or nations are tempted to take advantage of the situation.     For instance, at the outset of World War II Italy invaded Ethiopia.     After war had broken out in Europe, Japan sought to gain new footholds     in other territories besides China during World War II. These are among     many historical examples of collective stress driving social disorder     and spilling out into other nations and creating the reign of terror     called war.</div>
<h5><a name="5IsFrictioninWarSimilartoStressin"></a> 5. Is &#8220;Friction in War&#8221; Similar to &#8220;Stress in Collective Consciousness?&#8221;</h5>
<div>
<p>The founder of modern military     art and science, Carl von Clausewitz analyzed the different facets of     uncertainty in war. In his book, <em>On War</em>, Clausewitz (1832/1989)     named the agent of uncertainty &#8220;friction.&#8221; Clausewitz elaborated on     friction and its ramifications in many ways, such as the following:Danger is part of the friction       of war. Without an accurate conception of danger we cannot understand       war. (p. 114) Friction is the only concept that more or less corresponds       to the factors that distinguish real war from war on paper. (p. 119)       This tremendous friction, which cannot, as in mechanics, be reduced       to a few points, is everywhere in contact with chance and brings about       effects that cannot be measured&#8230; (p. 120) [It causes] every fault       and exaggeration of the theory&#8230;[to be] instantly exposed in war.       (p. 119) Incidentally, it is a force that theory can never quite define.       (p. 120)          Based on the notion of friction   in classical physics, it&#8217;s not clear why Clausewitz chose the term &#8220;friction&#8221;   to describe uncertainty and the resulting danger in war. One might deduce   the following line of reasoning. Friction as a force of <em>resistance</em> , opposing motion, dissipates mechanical energy to give rise to heat.   Heat added to a system normally increases its temperature and its entropy   (roughly the <em>disorder</em> in the system). As an analogy, increased   <em>disorder</em> and chaos in a society might correspond with Clausewitz&#8217;s   social uncertainty. One might say then that <em>resistance</em> to fulfillment   of individual and social needs dissipates social energy, gives rise to   collective stress, destabilizes society, and increases its political uncertainty   &#8212;  potentially leading to   violence and war.Clausewitz and later strategists     (e.g., J.F. Fuller) have accepted friction as an unavoidable fact of     life. However, because unified field theories were not available until     the 20th Century, one can infer that this conclusion was based on applying     the &#8220;classical&#8221; or Newtonian physics-based, reductionist, scientific     analysis to the conduct of war. Clausewitz (1832/1989) expressed in     his writing the hope that eventually his inexact approach, which he     referred to as &#8220;certain ideas and convictions, &#8230;present[ed] in compressed     form, like some nuggets of pure metal&#8230;,&#8221; would be replaced by a more     complete scientific approach. This approach was characterized by Clausewitz     as &#8220;a single whole, cast of solid metal, free from all impurity&#8221; (p.     62). Thus, his insights over 150 years ago may have hinted at the proposed     consciousness-based unified field theory discussed below.These insights could be important     today because, in theory, if collective societal stress is high, it     is difficult for defense planners to eliminate the uncertainty that     can lead to war. If collective stress level is high, it could be argued     that friction is high as well. For this reason, this Project Demonstrating     Excellence attempted to provide a more exact and holistic approach to     defense planning through the creation of a new prevention-oriented defense     paradigm that could eliminate friction. Current defense strategies rely     mainly on established material sciences such as ballistics, chemistry,     and the electronic and nuclear levels of physics. These levels do not     involve the most fundamental understanding of nature.In the reverse direction, when     heat is removed from a physical system, temperature lowers, and entropy     or disorder decreases. At low enough temperatures, friction or resistance     to motion can disappear altogether, e.g., an electrical conductor becoming     a &#8220;superconductor&#8221; with no electrical resistance, or a liquid (liquid     helium) becoming a superfluid with zero viscosity. In such highly ordered     systems, quantum mechanical properties are observed on a macroscopic     level, and the system experiences what might be called frictionless     flow.Furthermore, unified field theories     introduce the view that, at the basis of creation, all matter fields     and all the known fundamental forces of nature (the weak force, the     strong force, the electromagnetic force, and gravitation) are integrated     (Hagelin, 1987, 1989; Hameroff &amp; Penrose, 1996). If the proposed     unified field of physics and the unified field of consciousness reportedly     experienced through Maharishi Supreme Military Science technology are     one and the same, then it is hypothesized that only the frictionless     flow of pure consciousness exists at this level. Thus, in theory, a     unified field-based system of defense could allow defense planners to     exercise command over friction.In the past there was no universal,     systematic, and scientifically validated human resource technology from     which to consistently operate at, or investigate this level. Perhaps     this is why for hundreds of years the tactics and strategies of conventional     military art and science have failed to eliminate or understand friction     found in battle. Therefore, and for much the same reasons, the &#8220;stress&#8221;     or source of &#8220;friction&#8221; found in the collective consciousness of the     civilian population has not been eliminated either. For these reasons,     the Project Demonstrating Excellence expands Carl von Clausewitz&#8217;s concept     of &#8220;friction&#8221; and contrasts it with Maharishi&#8217;s theory of stress in     collective consciousness, or collective stress.One objection that traditional     military scholars might have to identifying friction and stress in collective     consciousness might be that, for von Clausewitz, friction applied to     war, not to peacetime. Today, however, conflict continues, especially     by indirect means such as terrorism, even when war has not been declared.     This leads, as some observers have noted, to the turning on its head     of Clausewitz&#8217;s dictum that war is the extension of politics: politics     (and economics) has become the extension of war. The increase in terrorist     acts and other increasingly sophisticated indirect strategies of conflict     have thus made friction (or stress) an immediate concern at all times.     It is not only a personal concern localized in time and space, it is     also a military matter which applies equally to peace and to war.This Project Demonstrating Excellence     elucidates the principle that as it is with the individual, so it is     with the body public. Trends of society reflect the collective consciousness     of all the individuals in society. Wars are the expression of accumulated     stress in collective consciousness. This may be why Carl von Clausewitz     could observe that the intensity of war corresponds to the intensity     of political conflicts between the belligerent nations: &#8220;If war is part     of policy, policy will determine its character. As policy becomes more     ambitious and vigorous, so will war&#8230;&#8221; (Clausewitz, 1832/1989, p. 606).Over forty studies (many of which     will be discussed in Chapter II) have demonstrated the capability of     Maharishi Supreme Military Science as a new human resource technology     to reduce collective stress of whole societies (for review see Kleinschnitz,     1997). Based on this research, the theoretical aspect of the Project     Demonstrating Excellence will examine evidence for and against the following     proposals first put forward by the late D. H. French (personal communication,     September 28, 1987):</p>
<p>(1) Creating coherence in       the collective consciousness of a nation may be the same as decreasing       friction;</p>
<p>(2) Maharishi Supreme Military         Science technology reverses friction;</p>
<p>(3) If friction is holistic,         so is the effect of its reversal;</p>
<p>(4) The effects of less friction,         like the benefit from less stress and better health, should be only         positive;</p>
<p>(5) Friction could only become         less in a particular place and time if it lessens aggression and         fear and if it increases the growth of nourishing and positive trends         generally in every nation;</p>
<p>(6) The benefit of reducing         friction could be a corporate benefit for the military as well as         a personal benefit for the military professional.Therefore, the Project Demonstrating   Excellence discusses whether the use of Maharishi Supreme Military Science   would significantly enhance the peace-keeping capabilities of the military.   The Project Demonstrating Excellence examines the possibility that victory   before war can be achieved by averting the birth of an enemy using Maharishi&#8217;s   consciousness-based approach, thus fulfilling the most noble goals and   purposes of Military Science.</p>
</div>
<h4><a name="DKeyProblemsFacedbyTodaysMilitar"></a> D. Key Problems Faced by Today&#8217;s Military Planners</h4>
<h5><a name="1ExcessStressinMilitaryPersonnelLimits"></a> 1. Excess Stress in Military Personnel Limits Performance</h5>
<div>Conventional military training     involves physical conditioning to improve performance. However, it does     not train the soldiers to develop their full mental and physical potential.     Instead of striving to increase human performance, militaries devote     their attention largely to increasing the destructive power, accuracy,     and delivery speed of weaponry. This oversight presents today&#8217;s soldiers     with extra challenges (Heckler, 1990, October; Heckler, 1992).High-technology weaponry demands     that soldiers perform at their optimum. All ranks must be in top mental     as well as physical condition, because victory depends on taking the     right action with appropriate speed and accuracy (Creveld, 1991). Their     minds need to remain strong and clear even when duty requires strenuous     and protracted hours. Frequently, decisions must be made instantly,     on an intuitive level. If these decisions and actions are incorrect,     the consequences can be tragic, both in combat and in non-combat operations     (The United States Marine Corps, 1994). For all these reasons, today&#8217;s     military personnel are pushing the limits of human performance (Szafranski,     1994, November).The challenge to maintain broad     comprehension, perfect mind-body coordination, and lively intelligence     under difficult circumstances has increased for modern military professionals.     Stress is likely to be the most significant underlying factor. There     are many reasons why stress in the military may be increasing. For instance,     &#8220;[t]he nature of warfare is changing. Lengthy military commitments designed     to win conflicts are being replaced by short-term deployments intended     to prevent them&#8221; (Adelsberger, 1996, May 27). The military, particularly     in the United States, has been called upon to maintain effectiveness     despite cutbacks (Auster, 1994, July 25). Therefore, it will be necessary     in such cases for already-stressed, overworked personnel to continue     to do more with less (Hudson &amp; Matthews, 1994, August 15; Bird,     1997, July 21). In 1996, the U.S. Army deployed 35,000 troops from their     home stations to 70 countries. Army officials told Congress that &#8220;frequent     deployments and the increased pace of operations may dissuade good soldiers     from reenlisting&#8221; (G-2, 1997, p. 3). The demand for back-to-back deployments     and station tenures leads to increased marital discord and divorce,     and the use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs. Such manifestations of stress     reduce the fitness, effectiveness and operational readiness of individuals.Increased stress in the military     may take its toll in other ways. For instance, a U.S. Army survey suggested     that spousal abuse is occurring in one of every three Army families     each year &#8212; double     the civilian rate (Thompson, 1994, May 23). The Pentagon&#8217;s Readiness     Task Force admits that stress is taking a heavy toll on service members     and has contributed to a jump in suicides in the military (Hudson &amp;     Matthews, 1994, August 15). Obviously, reducing or even eliminating     stress and the associated performance-limiting behaviors contributes     to greater individual performance and to successful military campaigns.     Both hardened combat veterans and &#8220;green&#8221; troops realize that if they     could be free from stress and strain they would perform more dynamically.</div>
<h5><a name="2MilitaryMightIncitesFearinFriendsaswell"></a> 2. Military Might Incites Fear in Friends as well as Foes</h5>
<div>&#8220;Peace through strength&#8221; has     been a popular deterrent military strategy. Unfortunately, a strong     military projects a threatening image, even when deployed for humanitarian     missions. This was evident during the recent Somalia operation, in which     the military was invited in as a friendly force to restore order. Later,     the outside military forces were reviled and persecuted by many civilians     who had earlier pleaded for their help in delivering and safeguarding     their lives, food, and supplies (Lorenz, 1993; McMullen &amp; Norton,     1993; Taw &amp; Hoffman, 1994).</div>
<h5><a name="3NoNationisTotally"></a> 3. No Nation is Totally Protected</h5>
<div>The survival and progress of     a nation depend on the effectiveness of its national defense. However,     it is clear today that even with the world&#8217;s best military equipment     and preparedness, the current defense paradigm is unable to totally     protect any nation. Regardless of military strength, no nation today     enjoys total freedom from the fear of politically motivated violence.     Every nation is influenced by fighting in the family of nations. Even     if it is not directly a participant in hostilities, it is influenced     by international fear and hatred. This leads to military budget increases,     stockpiling of armaments, and arousal of suspicions. In theory, since     World War II, deterrence or fear-based strategies have been used to     protect and promote peace. Apparently, this strategy has not worked.     According to figures produced by the Hamburg University Research Unit     on Wars, Armament, and Development (AKUF), over 186 wars have occurred     since 1945 (cited in Hauchler &amp; Kennedy, 1994, p. 179). In 1994     there were 31 major armed conflicts in 27 locations around the world     (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1995). The Stockholm     International Peace Research Institute (1996) also claims that there     were 30 major armed conflicts in 1995. However, that year the conservative     oriented U.S. National Defense Council Foundation counted a record 71     conflicts occurred world-wide (Associated Press, 1996, January 3). In     1996, 27 major armed conflicts occurred world-wide (Stockholm International     Peace Research Institute, 1997). Although most of these conflicts were     civil wars or ethnic hostilities, thousands of lives have been lost.The post-USSR world has proven     to be a more dangerous place than one might have imagined. There are     no well-defined opponents. A recent subheading to an editorial in <em>International     Defense Review</em> reads, &#8220;A hard core of terrorists and civil warriors     is proving resistant to traditional means of deterrences&#8221; (Sauerwein,     1993, p. 183). The recent wave of terrorism and civil war reflects the     shift of conflict and violence to a level where it is difficult to hold     any person, group or nation accountable. Former U.S. Secretary of Defense     William Perry recently pointed out that a dictator with weapons of mass     destruction could threaten to launch missiles loaded with nerve gas     or anthrax bacteria against a neighboring country if the country allowed     in U.S. troops, and that such a twist on deterrence would undercut the     whole strategy of rushing in to cool regional conflicts before they     get out of hand (Wilson, 1995, March 20).Strategies of deterrence or space-based     missile defense systems can not protect against the growing threat of     nuclear terrorism. Although the CIA (cited in &#8220;Washington,&#8221; 1996) and     a General Accounting Office Report (cited in Martel, 1997, August 25)     claim that extremist groups have not yet obtained nuclear materials,     at least 46 nuclear weapons are thought to be missing from the former     Soviet arsenal (G-2, 1994a) and it is reported that nuclear weapons     are for sale on the black market (G-2, 1994b; Eads, 1997, April). Very     destructive nuclear weapons can easily be delivered by a single terrorist,     in an artillery shell, a small boat, truck, plane, etc. (Reed, 1993,     April 26). The recent Tokyo subway attack and the bombings of the World     Trade Center and the Oklahoma City Federal Building demonstrate that     even the most affluent and civilized countries are susceptible to attacks     by terrorists or rogue elements with concealed weapons. Current military     strategies are not well designed for the possibility of even one weapon     of mass destruction winding up in the hands of rogue elements such as     terrorists.The next chapter will describe     the research on a proposed underlying cause of these threats-stress.</p>
<hr /></div>
<h3><a name="CHAPTERIIINDIVIDUALSTRESS"></a><strong> CHAPTER II.</strong> <strong>INDIVIDUAL STRESS AND</strong></h3>
<h3><a name="COLLECTIVESTRESSRESEARCH"></a><strong> COLLECTIVE STRESS</strong>-<strong>RESEARCH REVIEW</strong></h3>
<h4><a name="ADefining"></a>A.       Defining Stress</h4>
<div>Soderberg (1967) contended that     stress was &#8220;the most grandly imprecise term in the dictionary of science.&#8221;     One could argue that this confusion still exists today. Although stress     is a pervasive part of life, it is difficult to define because it is     a multidimensional phenomenon. A definition of stress must account for     the physical, social, psychological and philosophical domains (Girdano,     Everly &amp; Dusek, 1990, p. 1). Probably due to the enormity of this     task, Eliot (1988) concluded that &#8220;[w]e now know the consequences of     &#8216;stress&#8217; more precisely than we know the definition of it&#8221; (p. 1). This     may be why he proposed the following circular definition: &#8220;Stress may     be viewed as the body&#8217;s response to any real or imagined events perceived     as requiring some adaptive response and/or producing strain&#8221; (p. 1).Such a flexible definition appeared     to be necessary because according to Lazarus and Folkman (1984) negative     events do not necessarily induce psychological distress. It is only     when imposed demands are thought to exceed one&#8217;s ability to cope that     distress arises. &#8220;Stress is not always harmful. It is the individual&#8217;s     reaction to stress that determines the outcome, i.e., whether the individual     will adapt or becomes maladaptive&#8221; (Smith, 1992, p. 3138). Considering     one&#8217;s reaction to stress is an important concept in the analysis of     the data that will be presented later in this Project Demonstrating     Excellence.</div>
<h4><a name="BConceptsof"></a> B. Concepts of Stress</h4>
<div>It could be argued that the nineteenth-century     physiologist Bernard first recognized, in the phenomenon of homeostasis,     the basis for a comprehensive understanding of human stress. &#8220;It is     the fixity of the <em>milieu interieur</em>&#8221; [the stability of the internal     environment], he wrote, &#8220;which is the condition of free and independent     life&#8221; (Bernard, 1879). However, Cannon first coined the term &#8220;homeostasis&#8221;     for Bernard&#8217;s concept, defining it as &#8220;the coordinated physiologic processes     which maintain most of the steady states in the organism&#8221; (Cannon, 1939).     Cannon discovered the presence of specific mechanisms for protection     against agents that disturb the homeostasis of body temperature, blood     pH, levels of sugar, protein, fat, and calcium in the blood. It was     attempts like this to understand the human body&#8217;s health which first     attracted stress researcher pioneer Hans Selye to investigate the phenomenon     of stress.At first, Selye described stress     as a &#8220;stereotyped response to any exacting task&#8221; or the &#8220;syndrome of     just being sick&#8221; (Selye, 1986). In 1935, he defined the condition as     &#8220;the nonspecific response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused     by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions&#8221; (Selye, 1978).     This definition created a framework which other researchers later built     on to make up for its shortcomings. For instance, Selye&#8217;s concept that     an organism only has a finite amount of <em>adaptation energy</em> contributed     to Holroyd and Lazarus&#8217; (1986) definition of psychological stress. They     added the concepts of <em>limited resources</em> with which to respond     to acute demands.Together Selye, Holroyd and Lazarus     all viewed stress as the body&#8217;s response to an &#8220;environmental demand&#8221;     or an environmental change. This demand or change disrupts the body&#8217;s     homeostasis. This disruption is viewed as a threat to health because     the body must use energy or other resources, or both to regain homeostasis     (Girdano, Everly &amp; Dusek, 1990). The process of the body using energy     to regain homeostasis was called <em>general adaptation</em> or later     simply <em>adaptation</em> by Selye (1936). Like Selye, Holroyd and Lazarus     proposed that &#8220;adaptive energy&#8221; was limited. There was only so much     that could be used to restore homeostasis after being subjected to stressful     activity (Selye, 1936; Girdano, Everly &amp; Dusek, 1990.</div>
<h4><a name="CSourcesof"></a> C. Sources of Stress</h4>
<div>Events or conditions that trigger     stress reactions are called &#8220;stressors.&#8221; This section will list and     describe the stressors discussed primarily in the book <em>Controlling     Stress and Tension: A Holistic Approach</em> by Girdano, Everly and Dusek     (1990). The authors divide the source of stressors into three areas:     psychosocial (lifestyle), bioecological and personality.The stressors in the psychosocial     domain are adaptation, overload, frustration and deprivation. Adaptation,     the process of achieving homeostasis, is stressful because it requires     energy and thus becomes a drag on health. Overload is a common stressor     due to such things as overcrowding, the mushrooming volume of information     available due to multimedia, discrimination, pressures for high achievement,     two-worker families, etc. Frustration is caused by inhibition, and the     more complex a society the more its members must inhibit their behavior.     Thus society&#8217;s increasing complexity further aggravates frustration     levels. Chronic understimulation leads to deprivational stress. This     is caused by things such as loneliness and boredom.Bioecological concerns include     biological rhythms, noise, nutrition, heat and cold. Biological rhythms     are the natural fluctuations in body processes that require, for example,     sleeping a certain number of hours each night in order to feel refreshed     and to perform at a nominal level. Disruption in biological rhythms,     including shift work, travel between time zones (leading to jet lag),     and artificial light at night, stresses the bioecological system. Stress     caused by noise is ever-more-prevalent in both rural and urban settings,     with the advent of modern technologies such as locomotives, automobiles,     airplanes, amplified music, heavy equipment, etc. Poor nutrition and     excessive consumption of drugs stress the body and lead to illness.     Exposure to extreme heat or cold without adequate precautions creates     stress and, in extreme situations, can lead to death. Another bioecological     stressor is caused by environmental pollutants particularly in the air.     According to Miller (1996) &#8220;feeling ill from odors is a symptom reported     by approximately one-third of the population.&#8221; This syndrome of chemical     sensitivity is usually called &#8220;Multiple Chemical Sensitivity&#8221; or &#8220;MCS.&#8221;     It is thought to be caused by exposure to pesticides, solvents, or air     contaminants in a sick building (for review see Brod, 1996).Personality is reflected in our     thoughts, behaviors, and reactions. Girdano et al., (1990) outlined     four main facets of personality stress: self-concept; type &#8220;A&#8221; behavior;     chronic anxiety; and the need for control. Self-concept is how one perceives     oneself. Low self-esteem is linked with serious physical and mental     disease. People who consistently exhibit &#8220;type A behavior&#8221; (impatience,     anger, hostility, cynicism) tend to over-tax their cardiovascular systems.     Chronic anxiety is a self-perpetuating loop in which the individual     experiences stress that persists or increases even after the stressor     has disappeared. The need for control is a potential stressor if individuals     feel that they have lost control.</div>
<h4><a name="DStressIssuesAffectingPolice"></a> D. Stress Issues Affecting Police Departments</h4>
<div>The police profession is similar     to the military profession in that they are a specific group of society     responsible for guarding the safety of people and property. In many     countries, the military and the police are indistinguishable. Also,     like military professionals, police appear to be highly stressed. Police     officers rank high on the list of occupations that are the most stressful,     according to The American Institute of Stress (&#8220;Stressed out,&#8221; 1992).     &#8220;Police officers, who are subject to extraordinary stress, present a     paradigm for the study and treatment of stress in other occupations&#8221;     (Smith, 1992, p. 3138). Stress impairs law enforcement officers&#8217; ability     to perform their duties. This can impact the operation of the whole     department, adding to the stress of other members. Stress may be related     to the incidence of divorce, alcoholism and suicide that run abnormally     high among police officers across the United States (Kleinfield &amp;     James, 1994, p.1). Large police departments located on the east and     west coasts of the United States have been studied and have received     most of the attention from the press. However, police stress may not     be just a big city problem. Baugrud and Robinson (1995) found that the     officers in small- and medium-sized departments in southeast Wisconsin     were also concerned about their high stress levels.Police stress does not necessarily     originate from intense and traumatic critical incidents. While it is     true that, according to Storch and Panzarella (1996), police officers     generally scored low on the Spielberger, Jacobs, Russell and Crane (1983)     State Trait Anxiety Inventory, these officers identified primarily administrative     matters and relationships with nonpolice as stressors. &#8220;Officers who     focused on the job&#8217;s compensations experienced less stress than those     who relished the excitement of the job, crime fighting, or people-centered     policing. More stress was experienced by officers who were inclined     to think more frequently about the possibility of being injured and     by officers adapting to changes in their work or family&#8221; (Storch &amp;     Panzarella, 1996).However, the dangers and rigors     of police work that lead to critical incidents should not be overlooked.     &#8220;Every year, hundreds of officers experience intense, traumatic events     that can have serious long-term consequences for them, their families,     and their departments&#8221; (Kureczka, 1996, p. 10). According to an article     in <em>The Police Chief</em> (Pierson, 1989, February) critical incident     stress affects up to 87 percent of all emergency service workers at     least once in their careers. Critical incident stress can not be easily     defined because what affects one officer may not affect another. Also,     stress from one incident can be compounded by other factors. For instance,     if an officer involved in a gunfight becomes wounded or the suspect     that was shot dies, the incident becomes a media event. These critical     incidents may each be critical stressors for the officer. However, it     is estimated that only 4 to 10 percent of individuals experiencing a     critical incident develop full-fledged post-traumatic stress disorder     (Blak, 1991).</div>
<h4><a name="EStressandAlexithymia"></a><strong> E. Stress and Alexithymia</strong></h4>
<div>In studying stress by means of     self-report measures one must be aware that certain behavioral or personality     &#8220;traits&#8221; can have a substantial effect on how a person answers test     questions. Perhaps the most significant of such conditions is alexithymia.Sifneos (1972; 1973) devised     the term &#8220;alexithymic&#8221; to describe a pattern of behavior observed in     patients with psychosomatic disorders (Sifneos, 1973; Nemiah &amp; Sifneos,     1970). The alexithymia construct referred to the difficulties individuals     had experiencing and expressing their feelings. Alexithymic individuals     also lacked the ability to create fantasies related to feeling. Their     thought content was characterized by a &#8220;preoccupation with the details     of objects and events in their external environment. Emotionally and     cognitively speaking, they&#8230; [appear] to have little or no private     personal internal life&#8221; (&#8220;Alexithymia,&#8221; 1996, p. 217).According to Lane, et al. (1996)     alexithymia was different from denial and repression. In the latter,     well differentiated emotions were held back from conscious awareness     by conscious or unconscious processes. Repression in fact increased     affective expression. On the other hand, alexithymia was the limited     and undifferentiated emotional experience associated with an impairment     in capacity to recognize emotions. Alexithymics lacked affective expression.     Martin and Pihl (1986, p. 66) found &#8220;that the presence of alexithymic     characteristics is independent of repression, trait anxiety, and social     desirability.&#8221; Also, the high alexithymics appeared to dissociate &#8220;between     subjective and physiological stress responses.&#8221; It was proposed that     &#8220;[t]he presence of the dissociation makes it difficult for the [alexithymic]     individual to identify situations as stressful&#8221; (p. 75).A recent study by Lane, et al.     (1996, p. 203) suggested that alexithymic individuals had &#8220;impaired     verbal and nonverbal recognition of emotion stimuli and that the hallmark     of alexithymia, a difficulty in putting emotion into words, may be a     marker of a more general impairment in the capacity for emotion information     processing.&#8221; This finding appeared to be unaffected by gender, age and     socioeconomic class. The alexithymic concept appeared to identify similar     sets of individuals cross-culturally, having been tested on populations     in Finland (Kauhanen, Julkunen &amp; Salonen, 1992), India (Pandey,     Mandal, Taylor, &amp; Parker, 1996), and Germany (Parker, Bagby, Taylor,     Endler &amp; Schmitz, 1993) in addition to the USA and Canada (Parker,     et al., 1993; Kauhanen, Julkunen &amp; Salonen, 1992; Salminen, Saarijävi,     Aäirelä &amp; Tamminen, 1994).It has been proposed that alexithymia     may be linked to the development of stress-related illness (Martin &amp;     Pihl, 1985). According to Taylor (1994, p. 61) &#8220;alexithymia appears     to be a personality trait that is probably normally distributed in the     general population; a high level of alexithymia is considered a personality     risk factor for a variety of medical and psychiatric disorders.&#8221;</div>
<h4><a name="FTheTranscendentalMeditationandTM"></a> F. The Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programs</h4>
<div>The Transcendental Meditation     and TM-Sidhi programs have been more widely researched than any other     meditation programs. More than 35 years of research conducted in 33     countries has confirmed the benefits of its practice and implementation.     Over 500 research studies conducted at 218 independent research institutions     and leading universities such as Harvard, Oxford, Stanford, McGill and     York have found positive effects. Studies that documented these changes     in intelligence, psychological well-being and health have been published     in more than 100 scientific journals. Five volumes (a sixth volume is     currently in press) of these studies and other research have been compiled     and published (Orme-Johnson et al., 1977; Chalmers et al., 1989a; Chalmers     et al., 1989b; Chalmers et al., 1991; Wallace et al., 1993).Meta-analyses of much of this     scientific research indicates that a stress-free mode of functioning     became habitual through the practice of the Transcendental Meditation     and TM-Sidhi programs (Dillbeck &amp; Orme-Johnson, 1987; Eppley et     al., 1989; Alexander et al., 1991). Meta-analysis has been considered     the preferred statistical tool for drawing acceptable conclusions from     large, diverse bodies of research (Glass, 1977; Glass, McGraw, &amp;     Smith 1981; Hunter &amp; Schmidt, 1990). It was used to systematically     combine the results of many studies. These meta-analyses and five volumes     of research documented numerous beneficial effects on physiological,     psychological, sociological and ecological aspects of life.</div>
<h4><a name="GCreatingaCoherentWarrior"></a> G. Creating a Coherent Warrior on the Individual Level through the       Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs</h4>
<div>Dr. Kenneth Chandler (1987),     formerly of Maharishi University of Management, has summarized the broad     categories of research conducted on the Transcendental Meditation and     TM-Sidhi programs as follows:The main areas of research       include studies on the individual and society. Research on benefits       to the individual may be further subdivided into studies of physiological       changes (both during and after the practice); cognitive, psychological,       and behavioral changes; benefits to health and social behavior; and       benefits to athletic performance, performance in business, and academic       performance. Research on social benefits through collective practice       may be further grouped into research on families, city populations,       national populations, and global population. These research studies       fall into the categories of crime prevention, accident prevention,       benefits to economy, health, violence reduction, and world peace.       (p. 18)In this review, that portion of     the research relevant to the Project Demonstrating Excellence topic will     be emphasized. This review is also important because the same types of     changes seen on the individual level due to the individual practice of     the TM and TM-Sidhi programs also take place in individuals who are experiencing     the field effects of collective consciousness postulated to explain the     Maharishi Effect, even if they are not practicing these techniques. It     is these changes that are thought to affect the military, police, government     as well as other aspects of society. For this reason, a basic review of     research on the individual benefits of the TM and TM-Sidhi programs will     provide proper background knowledge. It is hoped that this knowledge will     assist the reader later in chapters III and IV. These chapters will discuss     the intervention study which measured the field effects of a large group     of practitioners of the TM and TM-Sidhi programs on a police department.</div>
<h5><a name="1ThePhysiologicalLevel"></a> 1. The Physiological Level</h5>
<div>Since the early days of his teaching     over thirty years ago, Maharishi has held that as the mind fathoms the     finer field of thinking during the Transcendental Meditation technique,     the metabolic activity is simultaneously reduced. This practice thereby     establishes the nervous system in degrees of ever-increasing peace.     Eventually, when the entire nervous system settles down into a completely     &#8220;coherent&#8221; and peaceful state, it reflects the unified field of natural     law (Maharishi, 1966a).The peaceful state that Maharishi     referred to has been documented physiologically as the state of deep     rest experienced during the practice of the Transcendental Meditation     technique. This state of restful alertness in the nervous system appeared     uniquely different from the sleeping state (Jevning, Wallace &amp; Biedebach,     1992; Travis &amp; Wallace, 1997; Mason et al., 1997). Evidence indicated     it resulted in the reduction of stress in the body, thereby creating     a state of well-being in the practitioner. Three pioneering studies     on metabolic changes in the body first documented this deep state of     rest during practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique (Wallace,     1970; Wallace, Benson, Wilson, 1971; Wallace &amp; Benson, 1972). These     studies showed indications of a decreased metabolic rate (decreased     oxygen consumption and unchanged respiratory quotient); decreased carbon     dioxide elimination; decreased arterial lactate level; decreased heart     rate; decreased minute ventilation; increased basal skin resistance;     reduced biological index of stress; increased regularity and global     intensity of EEG alpha activity; and an increased intensity of EEG alpha     activity in the frontal and central regions of the brain.In a later study by Jevning,     Wilson, Van Der Laan and Levine (1977), indicators of reduced stress     in the nervous system (decreased cortisol) were detected during the     practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. There have been     recent confirmations of lasting changes in cortisol and other hormones     outside the technique caused by regular practice (MacLean et al., 1997).     Also, decreased cortisol was measured afterwards in both the long-term     meditators and the restudied controls who had just learned the TM program     (Jevning, Wilson &amp; Davidson, 1978).An earlier study by Banquet (1973)     involving a spectral analysis of the EEG during Transcendental Meditation     revealed electromyographic evidence of increased muscle relaxation.     Corey (1973) discovered increased airway conductance and increased ease     of breathing in his study. Later, Hebert (1976) found periodic breath     suspension. Both of these findings are correlates of deep rest. Because     the study by Corey (1973) indicated a lower basal metabolic rate, it     also supported the maintenance of a relaxed style of functioning outside     of meditation.Jevning, Wilson and Smith (1975)     investigated plasma amino acids during the practice of the Transcendental     Meditation technique. A comparison was made with early sleep (2200-0200     hrs.). This comparison showed an increase of plasma phenylalanine levels     in the long-term practitioners of the technique while they were practicing     it. This increase contrasted with the results of the plasma amino acid     measurements that were taken during early sleep. During early sleep     there appeared to be a decline in total serum amino acids and also a     decline in specific amino acids such as tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine     (Feigin et al., 1968 and Wurtman et al., 1968). Therefore, the phenylalanine     increase during the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique     further supported existence of a different physiology from sleep.The research in general was interpreted     to indicate that the Transcendental Meditation technique created a more     efficient physiological functioning. For instance, a meta-analysis of     31 physiological studies (Dillbeck &amp; Orme-Johnson, 1987), which     compared Transcendental Meditation to eyes-closed rest, found significantly     lower baseline levels of spontaneous skin resistance responses, respiration     rate, heart rate, and plasma lactate prior to meditation in experienced     practitioners than to comparison subjects prior to resting. These measures     decreased even further during the TM practice session, significantly     more than resting for the appropriate non-meditating controls. This     finding suggested that the Transcendental Meditation technique cultured     a state of physiological efficiency, stability, and restfulness. Another     consideration was that because the TM subjects initially had lower levels     of respiration rate, plasma lactate levels, spontaneous skin resistance     levels and heart rate, the results could not be attributed to regression     towards the mean. The decreased physiological indices of stress through     the TM program appeared to be cumulative, giving rise to the initially     deeper level of relaxation measured in the TM subjects (see also MacLean     et al., 1997). Other types of meditation techniques were not included     in this study. For this reason, the results of this meta-analysis can     not be generalized to these other techniques.</div>
<h5><a name="2ThePsychologicalLevel"></a> 2. The Psychological Level</h5>
<div>A state of inner peace may be     reflected on the psychological level by enhanced self-concept or perception     of self-worth (Nystul &amp; Garde, 1977); decreased anxiety (Dillbeck,     1977; Nystul &amp; Garde, 1977); increased ego strength (Throll &amp;     Throll, 1977); relief from insomnia and improvements in sleeping and     dreaming habits (Miskiman, 1972; Bloomfield, 1975); decreased time to     fall asleep (Miskiman, 1975); increased emotional stability (Penner,     Zingle, Dyck &amp; Truch, 1974; Fehr, 1974; and Bloomfield, 1975). In     a study conducted on emotional stability (Penner et al., 1974) the subjects     attended an in-depth Transcendental Meditation course in residence.     These subjects were posttested for numerous changes on the subscales     of the <em>Omnibus Personality Inventory</em>. When compared with the     normative samples, the responses on the subscales of the same personality     test showed reduced anxiety in the TM group. The results also showed     less social alienation, greater personal integration and less impulsiveness.The relief from anxiety could     result in more effective overall functioning simply because it affects     all areas of life. Research by Tjoa (1975) in the Netherlands seemed     to confirm this, because decrease in anxiety was correlated with improved     learning capacity. In this study, the subjects who regularly practiced     the Transcendental Meditation technique showed significant decreases     in neuroticism and somatic neurotic instability, along with increases     of nonverbal fluid intelligence (the ability to learn to adapt effectively     to new situations and to perceive complex relationships). This was a     significant finding because nonverbal fluid intelligence permitted one     to behave with minimal anxiety in a wide variety of situations. Also,     after adolescence this type of intelligence has not generally been seen     to improve. A study conducted in the classroom by Schecter (1975) which     psychologically evaluated the effect of the TM technique may add further     credence to Tjoa&#8217;s research. The findings revealed not only a decrease     in anxiety but also increases in autonomy and independence, innovation,     self-esteem and tolerance, as well as the ability to deal with abstract     and complex situations.Eppley, Abrams, and Shear (1989)     conducted a statistical meta-analysis of all available studies (146     outcomes) on trait anxiety (i.e., chronic stress). This study found     that the Transcendental Meditation program produced approximately twice     the reduction of trait anxiety as other meditation and relaxation techniques     such as progressive muscle relaxation, and as other kinds of meditation     that were specifically designed to imitate the Transcendental Meditation     program. This meta-analysis also compared studies conducted by &#8220;pro-TM&#8221;     researchers with studies done by researchers &#8220;with negative or neutral     attitudes towards TM.&#8221; The Transcendental Meditation technique was found     to be equally effective in both cases. No significant effect of experimenter     bias was detected. Also, the positive effects found in the studies conducted     on the Transcendental Meditation program could not be attributed to     subject expectation, atmospheric effects, or quality of research design.     The duration of study, number of follow-up hours of instruction and     dropout rate were statistically controlled. The samples were matched     for type of population as well.The Eppley et al. (1989) meta-analysis     also found that the effect sizes for the Transcendental Meditation technique     were normally distributed. This means that if there were a systematic     bias to suppress studies with weak results the distribution would have     been significantly skewed, which was not the case. Therefore, this meta-analysis     provides empirical evidence to refute critics such as the authors of     the National Research Council&#8217;s Report on Meditation (Druckman &amp;     Bjork, 1991; 1994) which characterized all researchers who are practitioners     of meditation as subjectively-biased &#8220;devotees&#8221; (p. 127).In a meta-analysis of 198 studies,     Alexander, Robinson and Rainforth (1994) found that Transcendental Meditation     was one of the most effective means to reduce drug, alcohol and cigarette     abuse. Another meta-analysis of 51 studies conducted by Ferguson (1981)     at the University of Colorado comparing the Transcendental Meditation     program to other forms of meditation on psychological measures also     found a larger effect size for the TM program. This result was maintained     in those studies with only the strongest experimental design and of     highest validity.Although individual experiences     are subjective and variable, the objective results of the daily practice     of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs have been documented     by many of the above and other scientific experiments. For instance,     holistic growth in the individual has been measured through psychophysiological     means such as increased neurophysiological integration. This integrated     growth has been verified by tests measuring EEG coherence, perceptual-motor     ability, intelligence, creativity, field independence, and personality     (Orme-Johnson &amp; Farrow, 1977).</div>
<h5><a name="3TheBehavioralLevel"></a> 3. The Behavioral Level</h5>
<div>The growth toward a more ideal     personality and better social behavior can be seen as a practical indicator     of more harmony between individuals. Many sociological studies on the     benefits of the Transcendental Meditation technique have reflected such     behavior. This research, taken together, indicates that practice of     the TM technique enhances the capacity of the meditator to relate harmoniously     with others and to form deep and lasting relationships. For example,     one study conducted on students at Maharishi International University*(MIU),     all of whom practice the technique, utilized <em>Shostrom&#8217;s Personality     Inventory</em>. This test measures values and behavior important in the     development of self-actualization. In this study Orme-Johnson and Duck     (1974) found that MIU students had an increased ability to see humanity     as essentially good, as well as increased capacity for intimate contact     and warm interpersonal relationships. These MIU subjects were compared     to &#8220;a group of nonmeditating college students and with that of a group     of people judged to be relatively self-actualized&#8221; (p. 471).[*     In 1995 Maharishi International University (MIU) was renamed to Maharishi     University of Management (M.U.M.). All further citations will use the     current name except in "APPENDIX A" AND THE "REFERENCES section.]In another example study, the     <em> Freiburger Personality Inventory</em> was given to forty-nine practitioners     of the Transcendental Meditation technique (Fehr, Nerstheimer, &amp;     Törber, 1972). The scores differed significantly in ten out of     the twelve scales when compared with a normative comparison group. These     scores were all in the direction of healthier psychological and sociological     functioning in the practitioners of the TM program. Selected findings     were: improved self-assuredness and good humor, greater sociability     (friendliness and liveliness), less tendency to dominate (great respectfulness),     less inhibition (greater naturalness and spontaneity), and improved     self-reliance (more balanced mood, greater vigor, more effectiveness).Later research also showed decreased     social introversion and increased friendliness (Fehr, 1974), increased     tolerance (Shecter, 1975) and increased trust (Berg &amp; Mulder, 1976).     The study conducted by Schilling (1974), which measured the effect of     regular practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique on behavior     and personality, indicated that subjects practicing the technique not     only reduced their intake of drugs, but also displayed an increased     sensitivity to the feelings of others. These subjects also exhibited     a more sympathetic, forgiving and agreeable nature, with increased good     naturedness, friendliness and loyalty. Other research has revealed improvements     in the quality of attitudes toward work and productivity (Frew, 1974;     Friend, 1975; Alexander et al., 1993) after beginning and regularly     practicing the TM program.A statistical meta-analysis of     all available studies on self-actualization (42 independent outcomes)     showed that the Transcendental Meditation program increased self-actualization     more than other meditation or relaxation techniques, although it was     necessary to group different techniques together to get sufficient data     for comparison (Alexander, Rainforth, &amp; Gelderloos, 1991). This     study utilized the <em> Personality Orientation Inventory</em> (POI) as     the primary indicator of overall self-actualization. It was found that     the effect of the Transcendental Meditation technique was approximately     three times as large as those produced by other forms of meditation     or relaxation. The strength of experimental design as well as duration     of intervention were controlled. Also, the meta-analysis revealed that     for the TM program, the longer the treatment intervention, the larger     the effect size. The other treatments were not found to exhibit this     characteristic.</div>
<h5><a name="4IndividualBenefitsofParticularInterestto"></a> 4. Individual Benefits of Particular Interest to Today&#8217;s Warriors</h5>
<div>The TM program has been adopted     to reduce stress in military, governmental and other institutional settings     (Haratani &amp; Henmi, 1990a; 1990b; Orme-Johnson, 1987; Ottoson, 1977;     Suurküla, 1977; Herron, Hillis, Mandarino, Orme-Johnson &amp; Walton     1996). For example, over 26,000 Brazilian military police officers learned     the TM technique between 1987 and 1988. Significant improvements in     discipline and health were documented. In a study involving 6,300 military     police officers and 100 cadets, disciplinary measures for officers decreased     69% and for cadets decreased 35% after learning the TM program (Military     Police Center for Education and Training, 1988; Schuler, 1989). Doctors&#8217;     visits decreased 26% for officers and 55% for cadets, and community     relations improved. For instance, the number of positive reports received     by the military police department from the citizens of Salvador, Brazil     increased 1,206% after officers were instructed in the TM program. A     study conducted on 289 cadets at the Police Academy of Piauí,     Brazil, showed significant improvements in behavior, attitude, health,     and academic performance after learning the TM technique (Government     of State of Piauí, 1987).In a more direct test of the     effects of the program on performance, <a href="http://home.swipnet.se/tmdoctors/DMTeng.htm" target="_blank"> Sandahl (1978), of the National Defense Research Institute in Karlstad,     Sweden, conducted a study on 15 applicants who were rejected for pilot     training with the Royal Swedish Air Force (RSAF)</a>. The potential     pilots were rejected by the RSAF drafting committee because of inadequate     performance on the <em> Defense Mechanism Test</em> (DMT) but were considered     otherwise suitable. Subsequently, eight of the applicants practiced     the TM program for 18 months and showed a significant improvement in     DMT scores compared to a non-meditating control group. Sandahl proposed     that the reduced neuroticism resulting from regular practice of the     program reflected a decrease in <em>hidden mental turbulence</em>, leading     to better performance.Tests on other stress-related     problems have been equally promising. For instance, American Vietnam     war veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder were randomly     assigned either the TM technique or psychotherapy (Brooks &amp; Scarano,     1985). The veterans who practiced the technique showed significant improvement     on eight measures: alcohol problems, emotional numbness, insomnia, anxiety,     post-Vietnam Stress disorder, family problems, depression, and employment     record. The veterans who participated in psychotherapy did not show     significant improvement. The practitioners of the TM technique also     showed a more rapid physiological recovery from a stressful stimulus,     as gauged by habituation of the skin resistance response. Also, over     24 studies have shown that the TM program fostered significant reductions     in substance abuse, such as tobacco, alcohol, and all types of illegal     and prescribed drugs (see for review, Gelderloos, Walton, Orme-Johnson     &amp; Alexander, 1991; Alexander, Robinson, &amp; Rainforth, 1994).Aside from these studies of stress-related     change, there are other studies that documented benefits of the TM program     which could give military personnel the edge in battle. For example,     a study by Reddy, Bai, and Rao (1974) showed that speed, agility, reactions,     coordination, endurance, and perception improved after learning the     TM program. In another study, three months of practicing the TM technique     resulted in subjects showing significantly increased field independence     (i.e., increased ability to focus, increased stability of spatial orientation,     broader comprehension, increased resistance to distraction) compared     to controls (Pelletier, 1974; 1977). Other research has measured a greater     ability to assimilate and structure experience (Shecter, 1977; Tjoa,     1975), improved memory and learning ability (Dillbeck, 1982; Miskiman,     1977), increased creativity (Travis, 1979; Shecter, 1977), and greater     autonomic stability (Orme-Johnson, 1973; Brooks &amp; Scarano, 1985).     Other effects include enhanced neurological efficiency (Wallace, Mills,     Orme-Johnson, Dillbeck &amp; Jacobe, 1983), faster choice reaction time     (Cranson, Orme-Johnson, Dillbeck, Jones, Alexander &amp; Gackenbach,     1991), improved self-confidence (Fehr, Nerstheimer, &amp; Törber,     1972), increased self-reliance (Turnbull &amp; Norris, 1982), and greater     inner control (Nidich, Seeman, &amp; Dreskin, 1973). Holistic growth     has been indicated by psychophysiological means such as increases in     global EEG coherence (Orme-Johnson &amp; Haynes, 1981), and through     psychological tests of intelligence (Dillbeck, Assimakis, Raimondi,     Orme-Johnson, &amp; Rowe, 1986), moral reasoning (Nidich, Ryncarz, Abrams,     Orme-Johnson, &amp; Wallace, 1983) and personality (Nidich, Seeman,     &amp; Dreskin, 1973).<a name="5ImprovementsinHealthandReductio"></a><strong> 5. Improvements in Health and Reduction in Health Care Costs</strong>The previously mentioned studies     are supported by many other findings of health benefits in the civilian     sector. For example, a retrospective study of five years of health insurance     statistics by Orme-Johnson (1987) suggested major improvements in health     for 2,000 practitioners of the TM program. Persons practicing the technique     used 50% fewer inpatient and outpatient medical services as compared     to normative data or with control subjects with similar demographics.     Significant differences were found for all disease categories.Another retrospective study,     conducted by Herron, Hillis et al. (1996) in the province of Quebec,     Canada found results similar to those of Orme-Johnson (1987). Since     the Quebec government pays all medical expenses of its citizens, and     keeps records of the physicians&#8217; fees incurred by each individual, the     study investigated whether the TM technique reduced government payments     to physicians. During the three years before learning the technique,     the adjusted payment costs to physicians for the 677 subjects practicing     the TM program did not change significantly. After practicing the program,     the subjects&#8217; adjusted expenses declined significantly, ranging from     5% to 7% annually for up to 7 years.Alexander, Langer, Newman, Chandler,     and Davies (1989) conducted a randomized controlled three-year study     on 73 residents of eight homes for the elderly (mean age = 81 years).     The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program were compared with     those of other mental techniques designed to enhance cognitive functions,     mental relaxation, cardiovascular health and quality of life. The group     that practiced the TM technique improved the most on paired associate     learning, two measures of cognitive flexibility, mental health, systolic     blood pressure and rating of behavioral flexibility, aging, and treatment     efficacy. Also, after three years the survival rate for the group that     practiced the TM program was 100% compared with rates of 87.5%, and     66% for the other techniques and 78% for the control group.A three-month prospective study     by Alexander et al. (1993) evaluated the effects of the TM program on     stress reduction, health and employee development in a large Fortune     100 manufacturing plant and small distribution sales company. The subjects     who regularly practiced the TM technique improved significantly more     the controls on multiple measures of stress and employee development,     i.e., reduced physiological arousal, decreases in trait anxiety, job     tension, insomnia and fatigue, cigarette and hard liquor use, as well     as improved general health, and enhanced employee effectiveness, job     satisfaction and work-personal relationships. The &#8220;effect sizes&#8221; for     the TM program in reducing skin conductance, trait anxiety, alcohol     and cigarette use, and enhancing personal development in the business     setting was substantially greater compared to other forms of relaxation     and meditation techniques analyzed in four previous statistical meta-analyses.Schneider et al. (1995) conducted     a randomized controlled single-blind experiment evaluating the TM program     and progressive muscle relaxation on older African Americans with mild     hypertension. The reductions of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure     in the Transcendental Meditation group were significantly greater than     in the progressive muscle relaxation group. The study and a follow-up     gender and risk subgroup analysis (Alexander et al., 1996) indicated     that the Transcendental Meditation technique was approximately twice     as effective as progressive muscle relaxation and this its effects were     significant in subjects with low risk as well as subjects with high     risk for cardiovascular disease.Not only does the technique,     therefore, appear useful in preventing heart disease, but another study     suggests it can be useful in treatment as well. The results of a prospective,     single-blind, controlled pilot study by Zamarra, Schneider, Besseghini,     Robinson and Salerno (1995) suggested that the TM program reduces exercise-induced     myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. The study     also found that the TM program may be beneficial for the prevention     and treatment of coronary artery disease.A report by Herron, Schneider,     Mandarino, Alexander and Walton (1996) in <em>The American Journal of     Managed Care</em> evaluated the cost-effectiveness of the TM program     for treating hypertension compared in 1996 dollars to five standard     antihypertensive medications over a simulated 20-year treatment period.     The TM technique had the lowest present value cost. The report concluded     that:[w]hen combined with results       of controlled trials documenting the effectiveness of the TM technique       in reducing high blood pressure, decreasing morbidity and mortality,       and improving the quality of life, the present comparison suggests       that this nonpharmacologic procedure may be safely used as cost-effective       treatment of hypertension in the managed care setting. (p. 427)</div>
<h5>(For more information about the     TM program as part of a cost-effective preventive regimen see Orme-Johnson,     &amp; Herron, 1997.)</h5>
<h5><a name="6ScientificResearchIndicatingHigherStatesof"></a> 6. Scientific Research Indicating Higher States of Consciousness</h5>
<div>During the practice of the Transcendental     Meditation technique, the individual experiences a proposed fourth state     of consciousness with psychophysiological characteristics distinct from     those of the waking, dreaming and deep sleep states. In this &#8220;self-referral&#8221;     state of consciousness (called transcendental consciousness, <em>samadhi</em>)     the knower is hypothesized to experience the most settled state of awareness,     a state which Maharishi (1987) and unified field physicist Hagelin (1987)     proposed is the unified field of natural law, the level representing     the full potential of order or intelligence in nature.Because the subjective description     of this state of consciousness was that of a state of profound rest,     one would expect physiological measures to show a deep state of restfulness     during periods of transcendental consciousness. However, because transcendental     consciousness was experienced as a state of &#8220;inner alertness,&#8221; its characteristics     appeared different from sleep. This unusual combination of rest and     alertness was investigated in a series of experiments (Wallace, 1970a;     1970b; Wallace, Benson, &amp; Wilson, 1971; Wallace &amp; Benson, 1972).     The findings indicated that the Transcendental Meditation technique     produced a state of physiological rest which was accompanied by mental     alertness, a state referred to as &#8220;restful alertness.&#8221; Also, there were     indications of deep physiological rest which occurred along with a wakeful     and ordered state of brain functioning (based on regularity and intensity     of EEG alpha-wave activity in frontal and central regions of the brain)     during the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. This     discovery of heightened alertness was later reconfirmed by Banquet and     Sailhan (1974).Detailed physiological effects     were examined during &#8220;clear&#8221; periods of transcendental consciousness     in one subject by Farrow (1975). This study revealed two types of experiences     of transcendental consciousness: 1) transcendental consciousness with     thoughts, and 2) transcendental consciousness without thoughts. In the     portion of results recorded as &#8220;no thoughts,&#8221; an increased orderliness     of brain functioning was observed, as indicated by high EEG coherence     in the alpha, beta and theta bands just before as well as during the     initial moments of &#8220;clear&#8221; transcendental consciousness. These measurements     appeared along with physiological characteristics expected during restfulness:     increased autonomic stability and decreased metabolic activity.The portion of this study that     measured transcendental consciousness &#8220;with thoughts&#8221; showed the ability     of the subject to maintain &#8220;restful alertness&#8221; along with mental activity.     The reductions in respiratory and heart rates indicated deep rest on     the metabolic level, during which time there were bursts of highly coherent     beta-waves in the EEG, a lower level of basal skin resistance, occasional     phasic skin responses, and lower power in the delta EEG band. This discovery     gave support to Maharishi&#8217;s assertion that through the regular practice     of the Transcendental Meditation program one eventually achieves a proposed     fifth state of consciousness, &#8220;cosmic consciousness,&#8221; by habituating     the state of &#8220;inner alertness&#8221; or transcendental consciousness.Vedic tradition held that at     first transcendental consciousness was experienced in a transitory manner     during practice of the TM technique. Through repeated regular repeated     practice of the TM technique it was thought that transcendental consciousness     could be continuously maintained in daily life during waking, dreaming     and deep sleep states of consciousness. Transcendental consciousness     was thus the first state achieved in a sequence of other, higher states.     A stabilized experience of transcendental consciousness during waking,     dreaming and especially deep sleep was called &#8220;witnessing.&#8221; The reason     for this name was that transcendental consciousness was said to be experienced     as a nonchanging level of awareness that acts as an observer, an inner,     peaceful &#8220;silent witness,&#8221; in contrast to active and changing states     of waking, or the illusionary and inactive states of dreaming and deep     sleep, respectively. Witnessing was held to be a criterion not only     for cosmic consciousness, but also for the proposed sixth and seventh     states of stabilized higher consciousness.Offering powerful confirmation     evidence for the existence of higher states of consciousness as distinct     psychophysiologically from waking, dreaming and deep sleep, Mason et     al. (1997) found that long-term practitioners of the TM program reporting     witnessing during sleep showed the increased theta2-alpha1 (7-9 Hz)     EEG activity typical of transcendental consciousness along with the     typical delta wave pattern of phase 3 (deep) sleep. The previously cited     studies found that increased theta2-alpha1 pattern EEG activity and     breath suspensions was reported during periods of &#8220;transcendental consciousness&#8221;     experienced during practice of the TM technique. This finding was interpreted     by the experimenters as further physiological support for the understanding     of higher states of consciousness described above.The research reviewed in the     last six subsections suggests a military that adopts the proven human     resource technology of Maharishi Supreme Military science would be at     an advantage on the battlefield. However, this strategic advantage over     an adversary would not in itself intimidate the opponent. The next section     describing research on the Maharishi Effect will explain how the military     could prevent war by implementing Maharishi&#8217;s consciousness-based technology.     The military could also use this technology to subdue enemies, and ideally     to prevent enemies from arising by dissolving a potential opponent&#8217;s     build-up of collective stress.<a name="HThePotentialtoUseMilitaryPrevent"></a></div>
<h4><strong>H. The Potential to Use       Military Prevention Wings to Create Coherence on the Societal Level       by Eliminating Hostile Tendencies in the Environment through Maharishi       Supreme Military Science</strong></h4>
<div>The Maharishi Effect has been     described as the influence of harmony and progress in society ensuing     from the practice of the principle components of Maharishi Supreme Military     Science &#8212; the     Transcendental Meditation (TM) and TM-Sidhi programs. Research conducted     on this proposed effect indicates that the human body should no longer     be perceived as being separate from its environment (<em>The Maharishi     Effect</em>, 1990, p. 4). These studies strongly suggest that the human     body was composed of energy fields which may come from one underlying     unmanifest field-the proposed unified field of consciousness thought     to equate with the unified field of all the laws of nature postulated     by modern physicists. If this was true then the warrior&#8217;s body would     be intimately connected to the environment through the human brain.     This research also indicates that the human mind may be able to interface     and identify with the organizing power of nature. The Vedic tradition     held that this creative intelligence administered the universe on scales     from the inconceivably large to the inconceivably small.Realizing the connection of creative     intelligence and its organizing power of nature from a purely subjective     approach, the goal of Maharishi Supreme Military Science is to train     the individual warrior not to violate natural law. The scientific research     on the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs suggested that     the human body&#8217;s functions can be affected and changed to be more in     tune with nature. It also indicated that this could be accomplished     not only on the level of the individual warrior, but also over large     distances on other warriors&#8217; nervous systems as well as the nervous     systems of the members of the civilian population. From the viewpoint     of Maharishi (1986a), the human brain was the hardware of that cosmic     computer which could &#8220;produce anything through proper programming&#8221; (p.     125). In other words, the human brain was so expansive in its potential     that it could &#8220;interface&#8221; with the unified field of all the laws of     nature.The view based on classical physics     suggested that social phenomena are initiated by some kind of interaction     which could be visualized as akin to the &#8220;billiard ball&#8221; theory of the     atom. This classical world view, based on the mechanics of Newtonian     physics, has been so pervasive that all phenomena, even on the societal     level, have been seen to be initiated by some kind of direct interaction.However, a new world view based     on a different interpretation of the quantum-mechanical model is beginning     to emerge. The implications of modern theoretical physics appeared to     be difficult to ignore. For this reason, even in the past some major     figures have adopted an ontological and fundamentally different view     of consciousness.For instance, Sir James Jeans     (1932), an eminent British physicist, mathematician, astronomer and     contemporary of Einstein, said:Thirty years ago, we thought,       or assumed that we were heading towards an ultimate reality of a mechanical       kind&#8230;Into this wholly mechanical world&#8230;life had stumbled by accident&#8230;Today       there is a wide measure of agreement, which on the physical side of       science approaches almost to unanimity, that the stream of knowledge       is heading towards a non-mechanical reality; the universe begins to       look more like a great thought than a great machine. Mind no longer       appears as an accidental intruder into the realm of matter; we are       beginning to suspect that we ought rather to hail it as the creator       and governor of the realm of matter &#8212; not       of course our individual minds, but the mind in which the atoms of       which our individual minds have grown exist&#8230; (pp. 185-186)          Max Planck, the German Nobel prize   winning physicist who propounded quantum theory said in a similar vein:   &#8220;I regard consciousness as fundamental. I regard matter as derivative   from consciousness&#8221; (cited in Klein, 1984). A different interpretation   pertinent to the theory that consciousness has field effects is the quantum   theory of measurement. This theory proposed that the observed cannot be   considered in isolation from the observer. Eugene Wigner (1967/1970),   a Nobel laureate and pioneer in this area, explained:        When the province of physical       theory was extended to encompass microscopic phenomena, through the       creation of quantum mechanics, the concept of consciousness came to       the fore again: it was not possible to formulate the laws of quantum       mechanics in a fully consistent way without reference to the consciousness&#8230;It       may be premature to believe that the present philosophy of quantum       mechanics will remain a permanent feature of future physical theories;       it will remain remarkable, in whatever way our future concepts may       develop, that the very study of the external world led to the conclusion       that the content of consciousness is an ultimate reality&#8230;physicists       have found it impossible to give a satisfactory description of atomic       phenomena without reference to the consciousness. (pp. 172, 186)          The French physicist Bernard d&#8217;Espagnat   (1979) began his article in <em>Scientific American</em> with this assertion:        The doctrine that the world       is made up of objects whose existence is independent of human consciousness       turns out to be in conflict with quantum mechanics and with the facts       established by experiment.          In Erwin Schroedinger&#8217;s &#8220;one mind,&#8221;   Sir Arthur Eddington&#8217;s &#8220;mind stuff,&#8221; and Wolfgang Pauli&#8217;s &#8220;unity of all   beings,&#8221; eminent physical scientists predicted that a new world view is   emerging (Dossey, 1989). This view was not limited to physicists. In an   article entitled &#8220;Cosmology of Life and Mind&#8221; published in <em>Los Alamos   Science</em> (1988, No. 16), the Nobel laureate biologist George Wald also   echoed his prize-winning colleagues (cited in Harman, Autumn 1988):        A few years ago it occurred       to me that&#8230;I had always thought of consciousness, or mind, as something       that required a particularly complex central nervous system and was       present only in the highest organisms. The thought now was that mind       had been there all the time, and the reason this is a life-breeding       universe is that the pervasive, constant presence of mind had guided       the universe that way&#8230;Our growing scientific knowledge&#8230;points       unmistakably to the idea of a pervasive mind intertwined with and       inseparable from the material universe. This thought may sound pretty       crazy, but such thinking is not only millennia old in the Eastern       philosophies but arose again and again among the monumental generation       of physicists [Eddington, Schrodinger, Pauli, Heisenberg, etc.] in       the first half of this century. (p. 25)          <em>Scientific American</em> (Horgan,   1994) reported that Antonio R. Damasio of the University of Iowa mapped   mental faculties through the study of brain-damaged patients. According   to the article, Damasio held that:        &#8230;a theory of consciousness       must show how each of us acquires a sense of self, it must take into       account not just the brain but the entire body. Damasio also believes       that because consciousness is shaped by an individual&#8217;s interactions       with the environment and with other people, a neural model of consciousness       will probably have to be supplemented by cognitive and social theories.       (p. 90)          It could be argued that the world   of physics is in the midst of a gigantic paradigm shift to a new quantum   mechanical world view. Roger Penrose, physicist at the University of Oxford   (Horgan, 1994), asserted:        &#8230;the mysteries of the mind       must be related to the mysteries of quantum mechanics, which generates       nondeterministic effects that classical theories of physics (and neuroscience)       cannot. Although at first ignored and then derided by conventional       neuroscientists, this alternative has steadily won popular attention       through Penrose&#8217;s efforts. (p. 90)&#8230;He [Horgan talking about Penrose]       even suggests that nonlocality, the ability of one part of a quantum       system to affect other parts instantaneously (Einstein dubbed it &#8220;spooky       action at a distance&#8221;), might be the solution to the binding problem       [a new theory that bridges quantum and classical mechanics]. (p. 93)          Nobel prize winner Brian D. Josephson   of the University of Cambridge even called &#8220;for a unified field theory   that can account for mystical and even psychic experiences&#8221; (p. 91). However,   there are other arguments against the proposed ability of the brain to   bridge the gap between consciousness and matter. John G. Taylor, physicist   and neural-network specialist at King&#8217;s College London insisted:        &#8230;that all the quantum-consciousness       enthusiasts, and even Penrose, ignore the most basic facts about quantum       mechanics. For example, nonlocality and other quantum effects they       have seized on as vital to consciousness are observed only at temperatures       near absolute zero &#8212; or       at any rate far below the ambient temperature of the brain. (p. 94)          However, recent research, particularly   in ceramic materials, has found that superconductivity occurred at temperatures   much higher than thought possible before (Pennisi 1991b, p. 244). Also,   a newly discovered family of carbon based molecules called &#8220;fullerenes&#8221;   has exhibited superconducting properties in certain compounds. These properties   prompted Paul W.C. Chu of the University of Houston to assert that the   so called &#8220;Buckyball&#8221; &#8220;&#8230;really defies all the rules of physics and all   the rules of chemistry&#8221; (Pennisi, 1991a, p. 84). Because of these new   discoveries one could speculate that perhaps neurochemicals in the brain   exhibit similar properties under certain conditions. For instance, the   science writer Eugene Linden (1990, April 16) stated:        &#8230;science needs to find       out whether the elusiveness of the quantum world applies to objects       larger than subatomic particles. No one worries about the relevance       of quantum mechanics to the momentum of a charging elephant. But there       are events on the border between the visible and the invisible in       which quantum effects could conceivably come into play. Possible examples:       biochemical reactions and the firing of neurons in the brain. (p.       57)          Physicist Larry Domash (1976) wrote   a theoretical paper entitled: &#8220;The Transcendental Meditation technique   and quantum physics: is pure consciousness a macroscopic quantum state   in the brain?&#8221; In this paper he related that:        &#8230;certain features of the       Transcendental Meditation technique seem directly suggestive of a       macroscopic coherent quantum phenomenon in the human nervous system,       giving a possible direct connection between a fundamental condition       of the nervous system which gives rise to consciousness in highly       simplified form, and quantum mechanics. This connection, if borne       out, has the most profound implications for the development and meaning       of fundamental physical theory, in addition to its obvious importance       for physiology and psychology. (pp. 653-654)          Domash gained these insights from   Maharishi&#8217;s (1966a) perspective on the Vedic tradition, which held there   is an eternal unbounded field of consciousness existing at the base of   each individual and society. Thus, Maharishi Supreme Military Science   hypothesized an eternal unbounded field of consciousness that underlies   all of creation (Maharishi, 1996). From this view, since this field of   pure consciousness was the source of all the laws of nature, it was the   basis of each individual and hence of all society. His social consciousness   theory, then, contradicted the popular notion that consciousness was an   emergent property of matter that comes into existence through the functioning   of the human nervous system. Instead, consciousness was viewed as the   very essence of the most basic level of nature, a field that gives rise   to and pervades all of manifest creation.To some extent this was verified     experimentally in experiments utilizing computerized EEG equipment.     This research (to be discussed later in the research review section)     indicated that during the experience of the proposed fourth state of     consciousness (Transcendental Consciousness: see Key Concepts), the     brain wave patterns measured from the activity in different parts of     the brain become very similar in phase (phase coherent). EEG experts     interpret this to mean that these different parts of the brain worked     together as a coherent whole. This high brain wave coherence was measured     on the individual level in subjects practicing the Transcendental Meditation     technique. Also, a more powerful and advanced technology (the TM-Sidhi     program) discussed in other published research, and also in the Research     Review section demonstrated the ability to increase brain wave coherence     in other subjects over 1000 miles away.Studies (see <em>The Maharishi     Effect</em> , pp. 1-90) indicated that large groups produced a &#8220;field     effect&#8221; when practicing the TM-Sidhi program, a program introduced by     Maharishi in 1976. He explained that this was an even more powerful     technology than TM alone for neutralizing negative tendencies and promoting     positive trends in society. Maharishi predicted that a small number     of people (the square root of 1% of the population) practicing the TM-Sidhi     program together twice daily in one location would create measurable     effects on quality-of-life indices. He based his prediction not only     on ancient Vedic knowledge, as mentioned earlier, but also on discussions     with physicists about coherent physical systems such as the laser.<a name="Figure1IllustrationofConventionalLightand"></a><em> Figure 1. Illustration of Conventional Light and Laser     Light</em><img src="http://davidleffler.com/laser.gif" alt="" width="237" height="133" />Laser light is more intense than     light emitted from a conventional source. The intensity of normal light     is in direct proportion to the number of atoms involved. Excited atoms     emit photons as they return to the ground state. Light emits in different     directions at various frequencies creating what physicists call &#8220;incoherent     light,&#8221; all mixed up. In a laser, however, a type of collective behavior     emerges that is distinguished by its orderliness. The atoms perfectly     correlate with each other and no longer act independently. They operate     together as one coherent and complete system. The result is that the     intensity of the light emitted by a number of atoms, N, increases tremendously,     actually in proportion to N<sup>2</sup>. If 1000     atoms phase perfectly with one another in the laser, they will radiate     with an intensity equivalent to 1000<sup>2</sup>,     or one million incoherent atoms.A similar coherence-creating     effect is thought to be created during group practice of the TM-Sidhi     program. The influence of this coherence radiates from the group to     society. A simple analogy can be used to explain it. Imagine a large     tank of water that is filled with floating corks all at rest. Grasping     and bobbing just one of the corks up and down in the water creates waves.     These waves spread and in turn cause the other corks to start bobbing     (Orme-Johnson, Dillbeck, Wallace &amp; Landrith, 1982).Research (reviewed in Appendix     A) indicated that a sufficiently large number of warriors (approximately     the square root of 1% of the targeted social system) practicing the     group dynamics of consciousness, could create a powerful field effect     which would promote positive and evolutionary trends not only locally,     but also on a global level. The results obtained from over 40 controlled     studies to date (see Appendix A) indicate that this field effect is     too profound and too far-reaching to be explained by well-known field     effects such as those associated with electromagnetic radiation (Hagelin,     1987; Kleinschnitz, 1997). For this reason, Hagelin and other researchers     involved in this work were convinced that these field effects must operate     on the unmanifest level discussed above. Therefore, they realized the     tremendous strategic advantage that could be gained by implementing     Maharishi Supreme Military Science technology to augment existing defense     systems.Maharishi, although having gained     a background in modern physics (Allahabad University), is primarily     a master of Vedic knowledge. He studied for 13 years with the renowned     teacher and Shankaracharya of the North in India, Swami Brahmananda     Saraswati. Maharishi rediscovered and reinterpreted the ancient knowledge     of defense contained in the Vedic tradition. To create a more peaceful     world, he encouraged the leaders of society in all countries to further     study the strategies and tactics of Maharishi Supreme Military Science     as well as the principles of its consciousness-based system of defense     (Maharishi, 1978, pp. 123-129; Maharishi, 1986a, pp. 138-143; Maharishi,     1996).The goal of Maharishi Supreme     Military Science technologies (also known as Maharishi Vedic Science     and Technology) is also to develop proposed higher states of consciousness.     The principal components of Maharishi Supreme Military Science are the     TM and TM-Sidhi programs. The daily practice of these programs need     not involve any religious beliefs or changes of lifestyle. Maharishi     revived these ancient technologies as a means to gain subjective knowledge.     They are proposed to provide the direct experience of, and the ability     to act from, a proposed unified field of consciousness. The Vedic tradition     (Maharishi, 1986a) held that this unified field of pure consciousness     is the source of all the laws of nature and therefore is the fundamental     basis of each individual and of all society (pp. 24-49). Furthermore,     this Vedic point of view asserted that this fundamental level is a field     of unbounded consciousness, the basis of all knowledge, the source of     thought, or, in other words, a field of pure creative intelligence.During the practice of the TM     and TM-Sidhi programs (see the Research Review section) the individual     mind experiences and identifies with this field. For this reason, the     quantum mechanical model of the human body discussed earlier and the     research on the coherence-creating effects of the Transcendental Meditation     and TM-Sidhi programs (<em>The Maharishi Effect</em>, pp. 1-90) may present     two important new insights relevant to applied military science. These     insights could explain the link between the orderly human mind and the     order (intelligence) in nature &#8212; establishing     that both are essentially the same thing. Therefore, Maharishi Supreme     Military Science presents a level of potential of the mind far greater     than any generally considered by the military before     &#8212;  that the mind can operate     in such a manner as to directly cause effects at a distance. In this     advanced state, the &#8220;warriors,&#8221; as the &#8220;observers,&#8221; have the potential     to directly experience that profound level which underlies both their     individuality and the &#8220;battleground&#8221; environment. In this way, warriors     are empowered to influence the battleground environment to prevent the     battle. As stated above, the results of this ability of the warriors     (or of anyone else) to influence their environment through mechanisms     involving enlivening the proposed unified field of consciousness through     the group dynamics of consciousness are called the &#8220;Maharishi Effect.&#8221;Summaries of selected research     on the Maharishi Effect are given in the following paragraphs (For a     review of all Maharishi Effect papers and presentations see Appendix     A). Their purpose is to back up two fundamental tenets of Maharishi     Supreme Military Science: 1) the problem of maintaining peace between     nations can be solved only by maintaining peace in the individual citizen     2) only a small percentage of these individual citizens (e.g., members     of the military) practicing the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi     programs would be necessary to create and maintain peace by eliminating     the collective stress in society &#8212; hypothesized     to be the ultimate cause of war.This review will lend credence     to the theory that warriors can be trained to engage and activate the     proposed source of nature&#8217;s functioning, the proposed unified field     of all the laws of nature. Maharishi Supreme Military Science postulated     that such an engagement and activation would simultaneously bring about     self-sufficiency and harmony and hence, ultimately, invincibility of     the social unit in question. The research indicated that the Transcendental     Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs were holistic in their effects. It     indicated that it is possible for individuals to create a state of calmness     or peace on both the physiological and the psychological levels. In     theory, a group of peaceful individuals influenced its environment,     and these results have been measured in a sociological context. For     this reason, all aspects of citizens&#8217; lives &#8212;      body, mind, and spirit,     as well as behavior and environment &#8212; appeared     to be affected.The research conducted on the     proposed ability of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs     to create coherence in the collective consciousness of society can be     divided into three major parts (<em>The Maharishi Effect</em>, p. 13):I. [Studies on] <strong>The Maharishi       Effect</strong> &#8212;        Improved Quality of Life in Society from <span style="text-decoration: underline;">1%</span> of the Population       Participating in the <em>Transcendental Meditation</em> Program;II. [Studies on] <strong>The Extended         Maharishi Effect</strong> &#8212;          Improved Quality of Life in Society when the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Square Root of 1%</span> of the Population Participates in the Group Practice of the <em>Transcendental         Meditation</em> and <em>TM-Sidhi Programs</em>; [i.e., all are sitting         together in one place at the same time] andIII. [Studies on] <strong>The         Global Maharishi Effect</strong> &#8212;          Decreased Conflict and Improved Trends of Life in the World when         the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Square Root of 1% of the World&#8217;s Population</span> Participates         in the Group Practice of the <em>Transcendental Meditation</em> and         <em>TM-Sidhi</em> Programs.The next three sections summarizes   selected research in these three major areas:</div>
<h5><a name="1TheMaharishiEffect"></a><strong> 1. The Maharishi Effect</strong></h5>
<div>The Maharishi Effect is postulated     to involve a &#8220;phase transition&#8221; to a more harmonious and orderly state     of life when a 1% threshold is reached. The change occurs in the &#8220;collective     consciousness&#8221; of the people. Over thirty years ago Maharishi predicted     that a small fraction of a population could improve the quality of life     in that population simply by practicing the Transcendental Meditation     technique twice a day in their own homes. Since then, many studies have     found that sociological indicators such as crime, violence, accidents,     illness, economic conditions, etc. improved when the number of TM technique     practitioners reached 1% of the population in that area (usually a city).     Since Maharishi&#8217;s prediction appears to have been borne out, the effect     was named after him, just as other effects have been named after the     person who first discovered them (e.g., the Doppler Effect and the Meissner     Effect).Documentation of the Maharishi     Effect began in 1972 when psychologist Garland Landrith and colleagues     observed that in cities where 1% of the population had learned the Transcendental     Meditation program a decrease in crime occurred. This finding prompted     a formal retrospective study which was begun in 1974 (Borland &amp;     Landrith, 1976). The crime rate of eleven cities where 1% had learned     the TM program was compared with matched cities of similar population,     location and crime statistics. In all of the cities, the crime rate     had been steadily climbing. In 1972-73 the cities that reached 1% of     its inhabitants participating in the program exhibited a mean decrease     in the crime rate of 8.2%. The control cities had an increase of 8.3%     during that same year, resulting in a 16.5% difference in crime trends     between the 1% and the control cities. The study also compared other     factors (e.g., year, population, region, initial crime rate) and concluded     that they could not account for the significant decrease observed in     the 1% cities.Dillbeck, Landrith and Orme-Johnson     (1981) followed this study with a more thorough one using crime rate     as the major index of the quality of life. They compared publicly available     crime statistics from 24 cities, each with a population of about 10,000,     in which 1% of the population practiced the TM technique, with statistics     from 24 control cities. Analysis of the data revealed that prior to     1972, (the year that 1% was achieved) the crime rate was rising faster     in the 1% cities as compared to the control cities. The rise reversed     dramatically in the year after the cities obtained 1% status. A marked     average decrease in crime rate in the 1% cities was observed while the     rise continued as usual in the control cities.</div>
<h5><a name="2TheExtendedMaharishi"></a><strong> 2. The Extended Maharishi Effect</strong></h5>
<div>Research on the Extended Maharishi     Effect, the improved quality of life resulting from the square root     of 1% of the population participating in the group practice of the Transcendental     Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs, can be subdivided into five areas:     1) Effects on City Life, 2) Effects on State and Provincial Life, 3)     Effects on National Life, 4) Effects on Neighboring Countries, and 5)     Effects on International Conflict and Quality of Life (<em>The Maharishi     Effect</em>, p. 1). A brief description of selected research pertaining     to each of these subdivided areas will be described in this section     and the next:</div>
<h6><a name="aEffectsonCity"></a> a. Effects on City Life</h6>
<div>A study by Dillbeck, Cavanaugh,     Glenn, Orme-Johnson, and Mittlefehldt (1987) found a significant reduction     of crime when a group of participants in the Transcendental Meditation     and TM-Sidhi programs exceeded the square root of 1% of the Metro Manila     population in the Philippines. The experimental design utilized Box-Jenkins     time series impact analysis of a 5-month intervention period compared     to pre-intervention and post-intervention baselines. This experiment     revealed that a significant (p&lt;.005) decrease in crime occurred during     the time the coherence group stayed. After the group of Transcendental     Meditation and TM-Sidhi experts left, the crime rate returned to previous     levels. The coherence-creating group was composed mostly of Westerners.     These results indicated that the Maharishi Effect (or at least the Extended     Maharishi Effect) transcended cultural or ethnic boundaries and diverse     social structures because the population of the Philippines was largely     Asian. This may strengthen support for the hypothesis that the Maharishi     Effect and Extended Maharishi Effect were field effects that operated     from a fundamental level.</div>
<h6><a name="bEffectsonStateandProvincial"></a> b. Effects on State and Provincial Life</h6>
<div>During the summer of 1978, small     groups of practitioners of the TM-Sidhi program were dispatched to 108     provinces and states around the world. In the state of Rhode Island,     300 experienced practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi     programs practiced together collectively for over three months. The     composite quality-of-life index (consisting of over 30 indices that     were compared with the previous summer) improved considerably during     this experimental period (p&lt;.01). Some of the dependent variables     were: total crime rate, mortality rate (except traffic fatalities),     traffic fatality rate, auto accident rate, pollution, unemployment rate,     beer consumption rate, and cigarette consumption rate. Also, in the     following two-year period a smaller coherence-creating group remained     in Rhode Island. During this time the quality of life significantly     improved during the period of continued presence (p&lt;.005). Also,     the studies that were conducted in other provinces and states where     the collective practice of the TM-Sidhi program reached the square root     of 1% showed similar effects (Dillbeck, Foss, &amp; Zimmerman, 1983).</div>
<h6><a name="cEffectsonNationalLifeandEffects"></a> c. Effects on National Life and Effects on Neighboring Countries</h6>
<div>Over a several-year period (1982-85     and 1979-85), in a week-by-week analysis, Dillbeck (1990) found that     whenever the attendance rose at a large, permanent TM-Sidhi assembly     in Fairfield, Iowa, then, significant decreases occurred in the violence     index (motor vehicle accidents, suicides, and homicides, p&#8217;s&lt;.01).     The experimental design utilized Box-Jenkins time series impact analysis     for the square root of 1% threshold (1982-85), and transfer function     analysis from 1979 to 1985. Also, another study (Assimakis &amp; Dillbeck,     1995) indicated that when the group exceeded the square root of 1% of     the combined United States and Canadian populations the violent deaths     decreased in Canada as well.Several types of transfer function     analyses of the monthly &#8220;Misery Index&#8221; in the United States and Canada     were conducted (Cavanaugh, 1987; Cavanaugh &amp; King, 1988; Cavanaugh,     King &amp; Ertuna, 1989; Cavanaugh, King, Ertuna, &amp; Titus, 1989).     This dependent variable was determined from combination of the inflation     and the unemployment rates in both countries. The large permanent TM-Sidhi     assembly in Fairfield, Iowa was shown to have a highly significant impact     on the index of both countries. The analysis showed that the effect     was greater when the group was larger. Also, the effect was stronger     in the United States (where the group was located) than in Canada. These     results supported the hypothesis that key economic variables can be     improved through the Maharishi Effect even across national borders.</div>
<h6><a name="dEffectsonInternationalConflictandQuality"></a> d. Effects on International Conflict and Quality of Life</h6>
<div>Davies (1988) and Davies and     Alexander (1989, August) examined how the war in Lebanon was affected     by seven large assemblies that had reached the theoretically sufficient     number of TM-Sidhi program practitioners. The results of applying the     Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs were highly promising     (e.g., 66% increase in cooperation among antagonists, 71% reduction     in war deaths and 68% reduction in war injuries, 48% reduction in the     overall level of conflict), [p&lt; .00001 for each variable]. An expert     Lebanese statistician blind to the experiment compiled these statistics     from eight international news sources and the regional Foreign Broadcast     Information Service. These figures were judged to be unrelated to holidays,     announced events, seasonality, or other trends. A dependent time series     analysis was utilized to control for these variables. Also, combined     analysis of the data from these seven assemblies would normally be expected     to show a statistical effect of diminishing the demonstrated results.     However, the results taken together showed an unprecedented by low probability     that these results could be explained by chance (p&lt; 10 <sup>-19</sup>).     Therefore, this study presented strong evidence that the Maharishi Effect     and the Extended Maharishi Effect were a reliable means to reduce protracted,     politically motivated violence.</div>
<h5><a name="3TheGlobalMaharishi"></a> 3. The Global Maharishi Effect</h5>
<div>During a three-week period, from     December 17, 1983 to January 6, 1984, a large assembly of practitioners     of Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs gathered at Maharishi     University of Management (M.U.M.) in Fairfield, Iowa. The number of     expert practitioners eventually exceeded 7,000 (approximately the square     root of one percent of the population of the world at that time). In     advance of the assembly, M.U.M. scientists predicted effects such as     improved relations between nations, better cooperation between political     parties, signs of worldwide economic recovery, and a worldwide decrease     of crime. The dependent variables observed included: statements and     actions of heads of state worldwide, conflict in trouble-spot areas,     conflict in Lebanon, air traffic fatalities worldwide, infectious diseases,     and the World Index of stock prices. Various statistical techniques     appropriate to each data set were employed (e.g., Box-Jenkins time series     impact assessment analysis and chi-square contingency table analysis).     The researchers (Orme-Johnson, Cavanaugh, Alexander, Gelderloos, Dillbeck,     Lanford &amp; Abou Nader, 1984) compared the dependent variables during     the assembly with the prior and subsequent three-week periods, and with     changes during the comparable periods in previous years.The results of this experiment     appeared to demonstrate the holistic nature of the Global Maharishi     Effect. There was improvement in all areas. For instance, there was     increased progress expressed by the heads of state in reversing negative     trends and accelerating positive trends (p&lt; .02). In Lebanon there     was increased progress toward peace (p&lt; .006). The World Stock Index     (a single measure of stock prices which had been going down for three     weeks before the assembly) started to rise and continued rising (p&lt;     .00004). Eighteen (of nineteen) markets included in the index increased.     During the assembly, eight of the eleven largest markets of the world     set all-time records. In the United States, the stock market (which     had previously been in a slump) abruptly skyrocketed. The mean change     in the Dow Jones Industrial Average &#8220;was 3.42 points per day or 6.32     points greater than its mean of minus 2.9 points per day for the period     before and after the assembly&#8221; (Orme-Johnson, Cavanaugh, Alexander,     Gelderloos, Dillbeck, Lanford &amp; Abou Nader, 1984, p. 2747). Notably,     the World Index of stock prices dropped suddenly after the assembly.Research by Orme-Johnson, Dillbeck,     Alexander, Chandler, and Cranson (1989, September) further indicated     that the three largest international assemblies of practitioners of     the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs reduced violence     and terrorism in all parts of the world through the Global Maharishi     Effect. A daily content-analysis rating of international conflicts,     and international terrorism data before, during, and after an assembly     at Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A. (December, 1983 to January, 1984), the Hague,     the Netherlands (December, 1984 to January, 1985) and at Washington,     D.C. U.S.A. (July 1985) revealed that there were highly significant     decreases (36%, 24% and 35%, respectively) in international conflict     during each assembly. The analysis also showed a 72% drop in international     terrorism immediately after the start of the three assemblies when taken     together as well as a significant increase in the World Index of stock     prices during the three assemblies. This experiment utilized Box-Jenkins     time series impact assessment analysis of the intervention period on     data obtained from the Rand Corporation (daily casualties and injuries,     1983-85) and the World Index of stock prices (daily, 1983-85).</div>
<h5><a name="4ThePossibleExplanationforthe"></a> 4. The Possible Explanation for the Effects</h5>
<div>These proposed field effects     of consciousness have been studied in other ways, such as research showing     changes in EEG (brainwave) coherence. During the practice of the Transcendental     Meditation technique, increased coherence of the EEG has been measured,     signifying that different parts of the brain are working together (Dillbeck,     Orme-Johnson, &amp; Wallace, 1981). Also, research conducted by Travis     and Orme-Johnson (1989) suggested that when an expert practiced the     Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs and exhibited increased     brain wave coherence, non-meditators in another room also displayed     increased brain wave coherence. This coherence was found to begin a     few seconds later while each of the non-meditating subjects performed     a computerized concept learning task. Increased EEG coherence during     meditation correlates with higher IQ, creativity, moral reasoning and     neurological efficiency (Dillbeck &amp; Bronson, 1981; Dillbeck, Orme-Johnson     &amp; Wallace, 1981; Nidich, Ryncarz, Abrams, Orme-Johnson &amp; Wallace,     1983; Orme-Johnson &amp; Haynes, 1981; Orme-Johnson, Wallace, Dillbeck,     Alexander &amp; Ball. 1981, September).Research by Orme-Johnson, Dillbeck,     Wallace and Landrith (1982) further indicated that when many people     practiced the TM-Sidhi program together in one place, this coherence-generating     effect was enhanced. The experiment revealed that on six separate days     when about 2500 experts practiced the TM-Sidhi program together in one     place, increases in intersubject EEG coherence (i.e., coherence of EEG     patterns between two individuals) were measured over one thousand miles     away from the group. No effect was measured on the control days at times     when the group was not practicing the TM-Sidhi program. The experimental     subjects were not aware of the times that the group was engaged in the     program.Maharishi (1966b) proposed that     stress is the root cause of crime, warfare, and other sociological problems.     A possible sign of the reduction of stress in the human body due to     the extended Maharishi Effect was addressed in research by Pugh, Walton     and Cavanaugh (1988). Their study revealed that on high attendance days     at the large, permanent TM-Sidhi assembly in Fairfield, Iowa, higher     levels of serotonin were measured in local non-meditators. Serotonin     is a neurochemical associated with well being or happiness.     High levels of serotonin activity are known to be associated     with reduced human aggression and hostility (Virkkunen, Eggert, Rawlings,     &amp; Linnoila, 1996; Young, 1992). For instance, research by MacLean,     Schneider, Wenneberg, Levitsky, and Walton, (1992) indicates that high     levels of serotonin in the human body correlate with low levels of hostility.     Linear transfer function time series analysis modified by the use of     the Akaike information criterion (a method to minimize subjective bias     in model selection) was utilized in the diet-controlled experiment.     Also, to control for possible effects of outside temperature, daily     mean temperature was included as a second variable in the time series     model. The results were significant and strongly indicated that larger     groups increased the levels of serotonin metabolism in the non-meditating     subjects completely outside the group. This finding was important because     it was the first biochemical indicator of this kind of action-at-a-distance     behavior, which was usually associated more with field effects in the     physical sciences.</div>
<h4><a name="ICriticismofResearchonTheTranscendental"></a> I. Criticism of Research on The Transcendental Meditation Program</h4>
<div>Other points of view have been     expressed regarding the body of research on the TM program, particularly     from a few individuals. Most notable among these was Andrew Skolnick,     the Medical News Associate Editor of <em>The Journal of the American     Medical Association</em> (JAMA) and a member of the &#8220;Committee for the     Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal&#8221; (CSICOP). It was     inferred by him and other critics that all or most of the research on     the Transcendental Meditation technique was conducted by scientists     who practice the technique, and therefore that the research was biased     and can not be trusted (Skolnick, 1992; West, 1987; Blackmore, 1991;     D&#8217;Antonio, 1992; Trumpy, 1983-84, Winter issue; Woodrum, 1977, Spring/Summer     issue; Druckman &amp; Bjork, 1991, 1994). Although no formal survey     has been conducted to determine how many scientists who have researched     the TM technique also practiced it, many clearly did not. It is certainly     possible that research conducted by meditating scientists may be subject     to positive bias. However, in the meta-analysis conducted by Eppley     et al. (1989) (discussed earlier), it was found empirically that the     authors&#8217; allegiance, either of positive or negative bias, did not appreciably     influence the outcome of the meta-analysis, which showed a differential     positive effect of the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique     compared to other forms of meditation and relaxation.Another consideration concerned     the preference of scientists practicing the TM technique to research     the technique. One reason for this preference may be that they were     the ones most interested in the technique. For the same reason, however,     these scientists might have been be more informed about the nature of     meditation techniques and how they should be investigated than &#8220;experts&#8221;     who were non-practitioners. Moreover, the scientific world view of non-practitioners     may have biased them against investigating a topic which did not appear     to fit their paradigm. However, regardless of their situation, if there     were instances in which research was inappropriately biased, the peer-review     system was designed to screen out such research and to ensure that standard     methodological rigor was maintained. Acceptance for publication in peer-reviewed     journals indicated that a relevant group of experts had studied the     research carefully for experimenter bias, weak research design, lack     of control for subject selection, etc. Thus, the hundreds of publications     in peer-reviewed journals which report positive effects of the TM program     can not be fairly assumed to contain biases disproportionate to those     found in any other publication in peer-reviewed research journals.There also are scientists some     of whom appear to have become perpetual critics of meditation practice.     They have advanced the notion that techniques of meditation, or sometimes     specifically the Transcendental Meditation technique, can have negative     effects (Heide &amp; Borkovec, 1983; 1984; French, Schmid, &amp; Ingalls,     1975; Otis, 1984; Persinger, 1980; 1992; 1993; Singer &amp; Ofshe, 1990;     Shapiro, 1992). In general, their convictions were based on single case     studies, anecdotal evidence, or both published in unrefereed journals.     Much of this research is weak because it did not use matched control     groups, follow experimental subjects longitudinally, or both. Another     consideration is that Heide and Borkovec (1983) did not measure the     effects of the Transcendental Meditation program but used a mantra-like     meditation in their study. The Transcendental Meditation program involves     a specific and unique technique. Different techniques of meditation,     relaxation, etc. have been found not to produce the same results (Orme-Johnson     &amp; Walton, in press). Therefore, one can not safely make the assumption     that the TM technique is equivalent to other techniques.According to D. W. Orme-Johnson     (personal communication, July 12, 1997), former Director of Research     at Maharishi University of Management, Dr. Leon Otis&#8217;s (1984) study     on the Transcendental Meditation technique is frequently cited as an     example that practicing the TM program can cause negative effects. His     study concluded that a small percentage of subjects who practiced the     technique became more anxious than they were prior to learning the TM     program. This study did not have a strong research design. It did not     control for other factors that may have changed in the subjects lives     which could have affected their sense of well-being (e.g., divorce,     loss of job, change of work, death in the family, etc.). Dr. Otis&#8217; study     was never published in a reputable scientific journal. It was published     in <em>Update</em> (a magazine of religious affiliation) and later as     a chapter in a book which was not peer-reviewed.Castillo (1990, May), claimed     that practice of the TM technique can cause depersonalization and derealization.     French, Schmid, and Ingalls (1975) presented a single-case study describing     altered reality testing and behavior in a subject practicing the TM     program. Persinger (1992) concluded that the &#8220;ego-alien intrusion&#8221; (sensed     presence) factor was elevated in subjects who learned the TM technique     and other meditation techniques. He also asserted that these subjects     also &#8220;displayed a significantly wider range of complex partial epileptic-like     signs&#8221; (e.g., paranormal phenomena, profound meaning from reading poetry-prose,     experiences of vibrations, etc.) (Persinger, 1993, p. 80). It was likely     that the subjects in this research cited above had direct experiences     of higher levels of consciousness. The last chapter of the book <em>Higher     Stages of Human Development</em> <em>Perspectives On Adult Growth</em> (Alexander et al., 1990) listed descriptions of experiences similar     to those found in these studies and discussed their ramifications. However,     many of these experiences were taken from the writings of famous philosophers,     poets, artists, etc. It may be that experiences of the subjects in the     studies above were misinterpreted as being &#8220;abnormal&#8221; by the observing     scientists, only because they were not familiar experiences at the scientists&#8217;     stage of consciousness. In reality such experiences may actually be     the byproducts of a &#8220;normally&#8221; functioning stress-free nervous system     (Alexander et al., 1990). However, it may take some time for subjects     to become accustomed to having a normal functioning nervous system,     considering that for most of their lives they have functioned with an     abnormal one (Alexander et al., 1990).Glueck and Stroebel (1984) concluded     that for some psychiatric patients subconscious impressions brought     up apparently due to the practice of the TM program may be seriously     destabilizing. Lazarus (1976) asserted that if the TM program was used     indiscriminately it could precipitate serious psychiatric problems.     This is why, according to D. W. Orme-Johnson (personal communication,     July 12, 1997), everyone who desires to learn the TM program receives     a personal interview and is prevented from learning the technique if     he or she is mentally unstable or undergoing psychiatric treatment.     If any potential problems should appear, teachers of the TM program     are trained to consult with medical doctors or other experts. Teachers     of the TM program are taught to &#8220;always go by the advice of the physician&#8221;     (D. W. Orme-Johnson, personal communication, July 12, 1997). If practitioners     of the TM technique are under medication or medical treatment they are     instructed not to make any changes without the consent of their physician.     Also, people undergoing psychotherapy are asked to wait until they have     finished their treatment before learning the TM program. This was done,     according to D. W. Orme-Johnson (personal communication, July 12, 1997):&#8230;so results of the practices       will not be confused. It is also because those forms of psychotherapy       that draw attention to negative thoughts may be counter-productive       to the normalization of physical stress underlying the thoughts by       virtue of the principle that attention reinforces a response. Hence,       attention to a negative physiological response will strengthen it,       rather than allow it to subside.</div>
<h4><a name="JCriticismoftheResearchontheMaha"></a> J. Criticism of the Research on the Maharishi Effect</h4>
<div>Besides the criticism of the     research conducted on the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs     in general, there are other points of criticism that are specific or     related to the proposed Maharishi Effect that should be mentioned here.     According to Edwards (1990): &#8220;Phenomena of &#8216;action at a distance&#8217;     &#8212;  a distance, that is,     greater than the senses can consciously experience and react to     &#8212;  have always been problematic     to most social scientists&#8221; (p. 3). Even though in the realm of the physical     sciences where, for instance, gravitational attraction is accepted as     a &#8220;physical fact,&#8221; critics of the Maharishi Effect research frequently     label this type of action at a distance as &#8220;paranormal.&#8221; For this reason,     because the Maharishi Effect is proposed to involve some type of action     at a distance, critics often dismiss this research as not being a serious     area of study. For instance, in the <em>Journal of Conflict Resolution</em> , Schrodt (1990) began and ended &#8220;A Methodological Critique of a Test     of the Effects of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field&#8221; by     labeling Maharishi Effect research &#8220;paranormal.&#8221; This word often carries     negative connotations which can bias a reader toward a negative assessment     of the Maharishi Effect research. Orme-Johnson, Alexander and Davies     (1990) addressed this point first in their reply to Schrodt:&#8230;[I]n the social sciences,       our research cannot be rejected simply because it investigates a novel       theory. Instead, the study must be judged primarily on the basis of       its experimental rigor and the replicability of it results. After       all, what is considered implausible or paranormal at one time may       become accepted as the norm based on further advances in science.       (p. 757)          Another consideration of why research   on the Maharishi Effect may be questioned by some is that although the   techniques of factor analysis, stepwise regression and Box-Jenkins analysis   are generally accepted as scientific in the social sciences, their use   is sometimes challenged &#8212; particularly   when testing unconventional theories. For example Schrodt (1990) postulated   that &#8220;[t]he human brain is quite adept at seeing   patterns where they do not exist, which is the reason for the scientific   method in the first place. The introduction of statistical techniques&#8230;has   only magnified rather than eliminated these problems&#8221; (p. 747).   It could be argued that this point may be valid for some fraction   of over forty Maharishi Effect studies. However, Orme-Johnson et al. (1990)   countered that &#8212; at   least for the study that was published in the <em>Journal of Conflict Resolution</em>:        &#8230;the major results of our       study are obvious from the raw data and do not need to be teased out       with esoteric statistical techniques&#8230;the covariation between the       independent variable and the composite index is quite striking: the       two plots are almost identical&#8230; (p. 758)          Another argument against acceptance   of research on the Maharishi Effect is that most studies did not utilize   a randomized experimental design. Certainly, there is scientific merit   in conducting an experiment using such a design. For instance, such an   approach would make a stronger case against dismissing positive results   of Maharishi Effect studies by explanations such as reverse causation.   Duval (1988) suggested that &#8220;[o]ne may conjecture that instead of TM-Sidhi   techniques influencing conflict in Lebanon, the level of conflict led   the participants to hurry down to the hotel and meditate at the first   sign of violence across the boarder&#8221; (p. 815). This position and another   were further addressed by Orme-Johnson et al. (1990). In their reply to   Duval and Schrodt&#8217;s methodological critique they pointed out that Duval&#8217;s   example was reversed and that to explain the results one would have to   propose that when:        &#8230;the meditators heard that       the war increased, they were ungenerously motivated to stay home that       day rather than join the effort to create coherence; only when they       heard that the war decreased were they motivated to participate in       the group. (p. 761)          In their reply they noted that these   explanations of reverse causation are unlikely, citing technical reasons   relevant to this particular study that are too long and involved to explain   in detail here (see Orme-Johnson et al. 1990, p. 761-765). More importantly,   although random assignment techniques are a significant aspect of solid   scientific inquiry, it has been argued that in the case of Maharishi Effect   studies their use was not warranted because higher moral and ethical issues   applied. To understand these issues one could compare them to the situation   in medical studies. For example, it is not ethical for a doctor to withhold   treatment from a patient in dire need. If by doing so the doctor&#8217;s experiment   will have a stronger research design and will be more easily accepted   for publication in a medical journal, then a serious ethical question   is raised. If one judges that such a practice is unethical, then, perhaps   the following argument by Orme-Johnson et al. (1990) was valid. They asserted   that:        &#8230;where it is possible to       bring together large groups [to create coherence to prevent war],       it may be considered unconscionable to then randomly withhold the       groups from meditating, especially when there is evidence that to       do so may mean that hundreds of lives are lost. (p. 766)          Another criticism of the Lebanon   study brought out by Schrodt (1990) was that:        &#8230;the population figures       used to determine whether the [Maharishi] effect should be active       bear no resemblance to the actual population&#8230;if one uses distance       rather than political boundaries, the SQRT [the square root of] (1%)       threshold was never reached! (p. 748)          In the reply Orme-Johnson et al.   explained that:        &#8230;in       the forty studies [SQRT]1% has been consistently applied based on       quantification of the surrounding population in terms of political       units &#8212; cities,       states, nations &#8212; rather       than purely on geographical distances which ignore these community       boundaries (e.g., Dillbeck et al., 1987, 1988). These political units       reflect greater homogeneity, closer personal ties, more frequent interactions,       and stronger internal lines of influence (cultural, emotional, and       economic, as well as political) than those across boundaries and hence       cannot be ignored in calculating the pattern of &#8220;spread&#8221; of predicted       coherent effects on collective consciousness and behavior.When estimating the population         influenced on an international scale, those nations geographically         closer to where the group is located have always been predicted         to be influenced by a smaller group than those far away; the Davies         and Alexander (1989) study was no exception. (p. 759)An additional point of contention   (Schrodt, 1990) concerned the linking of the Maharishi   Effect&#8217;s proposed &#8220;action at a distance&#8221; applications with quantum field   theories of physics. He asserted:        Perhaps the Maharishi Effect       follows political boundaries. This would certainly be unusual, given       the quantum field theories of physics which MTUF [Maharishi Technology       of the Unified Field] claims as a basis. Furthermore, the effect makes       subtle political distinctions; it recognizes, for example, Israel&#8217;s       occupation of eastern Lebanon. This measurement is also inconsistent       with the population calculations in later papers using much the same       theory and methodology. (p.749)          Orme-Johnson et al. (1990) countered   these arguments as follows:        [Schrodt]&#8230;further suggested       that an uneven spread of quantum field effects would be &#8220;unusual,&#8221;       but this is clearly not the case. Our common experience with such       everyday field effects as transmission of radio or television waves       tells us that local conditions (including weather, the terrain, and       other electromagnetic sources, such as power lines) affect patterns       of transmission across large areas. The proposed intimate connection       between consciousness and the unified quantum field would support       similarly uneven patterns of influence due to local boundaries in       collective consciousness. (p. 760)&#8230;the [SQRT]1% formula was         presented not as a theoretical absolute but only as a starting point&#8230;The         important issue in our view was whether there would be an effect         at all, not how precisely it could be specified in advance. Nor         did we assert that no impact would occur below the [SQRT]1% threshold;         it is presented as a sufficient condition for measurable improvements,         not as a necessary condition for any improvement. (p. 760)The changes that are proposed to   take place in the individual human body because of the aforementioned   quantum field effect have also been subject to debate. As mentioned earlier,   these proposed changes (e.g., EEG coherence, higher levels of serotonin   availability) offered a possible explanation of how the Maharishi Effect   influenced the individual human body and hence the scale of human interaction.   For instance, an article in the <em>New Scientist</em> (Blackmore, 1991)   debated the value of increased EEG coherence. Its author referred to Peter   Fenwick, a neuropsychiatrist at The Maudsley hospital in London, who pointed   out that increased coherence takes place also in other states such as   epileptic seizure, coma and death. Jonathan Pincus, chairman of the neurology   department at Georgetown University was quoted in <em>Nature</em> (Anderson,   1992) as saying that EEG patterns &#8220;have nothing to say about a person&#8217;s   moral fibre&#8221; [<em>sic</em>] (p. 97). Also in the same article, E. Roy John,   director of the Brain Research Laboratory at the New York University Medical   center, stated that EEG brain scans have been correlated with &#8220;a large   number of subtle malfunctions [e.g., senility, substance abuse] but qualities   like moral stability and intelligence are simply not measured&#8221; (p. 97).However, according to Sheppard     (1988) the results and interpretations of research on EEG coherence     have often varied considerably due to methodological and basic computational     differences as well as many other reasons. For instance, in coma and     epileptic seizure there is high coherence but it occurs at a low frequency     (Niedermeyer &amp; Lopes da Silva, 1987). On the other hand, during     the practice of the TM program high coherence occurred at a higher alpha     frequency (Orme-Johnson &amp; Haynes, 1981). Another consideration was     that there has been a lack a general perspective concerning what high     or low coherence signifies for the processing and flow of information     in the brain. For instance, some scientists have proposed that EEG coherence     was associated with decreases in information processing (Shaw et al.,     1978; Colter &amp; Shaw, 1982). Other scientists have put forward another     model, that EEG coherence increases with information transfer (Busk     &amp; Galbraith, 1975; Beaumont, Mayes, &amp; Rugg, 1978, Byring, 1986).     This may explain contradictory results such as those of Thatcher et     al. (1983) reporting that there was a negative correlation of high IQ     with EEG coherence in subjects who did not practice the TM program and     those of Hernandez (1988) showing that there was a positive correlation     of high IQ with EEG coherence in practitioners of the TM program.These contradictory views may     have been resolved by a pilot study conducted by Kleinschnitz (1997).     His research suggested that experiences of transcendental consciousness,     the proposed fourth state of consciousness, were specifically correlated     to changes in EEG coherence. If this finding is replicated, it could     further validate previous research on EEG coherence and the TM program.     Frontal alpha EEG coherence in practitioners of the TM program correlated     positively with higher grade point average, verbal IQ scores, principled     moral reasoning and correlated negatively with neuroticism (Orme-Johnson,     Aron &amp; Brubaker, 1982). Advanced practitioners of the TM program     also showed positive correlations of EEG coherence in the alpha range     with verbal creativity (Orme-Johnson &amp; Haynes, 1981) and cognitive     flexibility (Dillbeck, Orme-Johnson &amp; Wallace, 1981).The aforementioned variety of     benefits indicating improved mental functioning along with the evidence     of increased brainwave coherence, support the idea that coherence in     individual consciousness may be the source of all these changes in both     the individual and the individual&#8217;s environment. Just like the coherent     light emitted from a laser is more powerful than ordinary incoherent     light, coherent consciousness developed from the practice of the TM     and TM-Sidhi programs might be more powerful than ordinary incoherent     consciousness.It is evident, therefore, that     there are a variety of opinions concerning research on the Maharishi     Effect as well as on the studies that purport to explain its possible     underlying mechanisms. (For an in-depth assessment of these disagreements,     see Brown, 1996.) It remains to be seen how these differences of opinion     will be resolved. It should be mentioned here that in the <em>New Scientist</em> article brought up earlier (Blackmore, 1991) Peter Fenwick was quoted     as saying &#8220;If this [effect of EEG coherence in subjects being influenced     by a group of 2500 meditators over a thousand miles away]&#8230;proved to     be a real effect&#8230;then the laws of physics would need rewriting&#8221; (p.     32). Such a conclusion was not warranted, since compatibility of the     Maharishi Effect with the latest theories of physics has been demonstrated     (Hagelin, 1987; 1989). The following study will add to the body of research     on the Maharishi Effect and may help clear up some of the disagreements.</p>
<hr /></div>
<h3><a name="CHAPTERIIITHEINTERVENTION"></a> CHAPTER III. THE INTERVENTION STUDY</h3>
<h4><a name="AThePurposesoftheIntervention"></a> A. The Purposes of the Intervention Study</h4>
<div>The main purpose of this exploratory     experiment was to determine whether indicators of stress level were     lowered in other humans in the vicinity of a group practicing the TM     and TM-Sidhi programs when the group was suddenly moved into an area     and then, months later, moved out again. Specifically, this study had     two purposes: first, to ascertain whether group practice of the TM and     TM-Sidhi programs altered scores on psychological tests aimed at evaluating     stress and certain pertinent personality variables in experimental subjects     not practicing the program, and second to evaluate the levels of stress     in these subjects (police workers). The experimental subjects were blind     to the first purpose.</div>
<h5><a name="1Hypotheses"></a> 1. Hypotheses</h5>
<div>The null hypotheses were:1. There is no significant           change in the police employees&#8217; Toronto Alexithymia test scores           across Blocks I, II, and III, as measured by tests taken the first           week of each block.2. There is no significant             differential change in the Toronto Alexithymia (TAS) scores             comparing the police employees exhibiting high TAS scores with             those exhibiting low TAS scores across Blocks I, II, and III,             as measured by tests taken the first week of each block.3. There is no significant             change in the police employees&#8217; Perceived Stress Scale test             scores across Blocks I, II, and III, as measured by tests taken             the first week of each block.4. There is no significant             differential change in the Perceived Stress Scale scores comparing             the police employees exhibiting high TAS scores with those exhibiting             low TAS scores across the Blocks I, II, and III, as measured             by the tests taken from the first week of each block.5. There is no significant             change in the police employees&#8217; POMS factor scores and Total             Mood Disturbance scores across the four weeks of Block I.6. There is no significant             difference in the POMS factor scores and Total Mood disturbance             scores among the police employees exhibiting high TAS scores             and those exhibiting medium and low scores, across the four             weeks of Block I.7. There is no significant             change in the police employees&#8217; POMS factor scores and Total             Mood Disturbance scores across Blocks I, II, and III, as measured             by tests taken the first week of each block.8. There is no significant             differential change in the POMS factor scores and Total Mood             Disturbance test scores comparing the police employees exhibiting             high TAS scores with those exhibiting low TAS across Blocks             I, II, and III, as measured by tests taken the first week of             each block.</div>
<h4><a name="BTheNeedForTheIntervention"></a> B. The Need For The Intervention Study</h4>
<div>In an article entitled &#8220;Western     Defense Planning&#8221; the famous military strategist B.H. Liddell Hart (1956)     said that traditional terms like &#8220;win the battle,&#8221; &#8220;win the war,&#8221; and     &#8220;bringing the war to a successful conclusion&#8221; were out-of-date terms     and concepts in the atomic age. To emphasize his point he cited the     following quote taken from a lecture in London by Field Marshal Montgomery     in October 1955:I now put it to you that       the words `win&#8217; or `lose&#8217; no longer apply to contests between nations       which have nuclear power of any magnitude. . . . I have been studying       nuclear war for a considerable time and I have come to the conclusion       that man will have it in his power in the future to destroy himself       and every living thing on this planet. . . . Our aim must be to prevent       war; the prospect of winning or losing is not a profitable subject.       (p. 6)          There have been many wars and conflicts   since Montgomery first spoke about the need to prevent war. Fortunately,   as of this writing none of them have involved use of nuclear weapons.   Although the danger of nuclear war may have subsided due to the end of   the cold war, as discussed earlier in the &#8220;Key Problems Faced by Today&#8217;s   Military Planners&#8221; section, this situation could quickly change. However,   Montgomery&#8217;s aim to prevent war may finally be coming to fruition. There   are encouraging indicators that the need for a new prevention-based strategic   defense paradigm has emerged. Colonel Szafranski (1994, November), professor   of national security studies at the U.S. Air University&#8217;s Air War College,   wrote:        We suspect that it might       be valuable to pursue ways to subdue an enemy without fighting. It       might bear fruit. After all, physical fighting is costly, with the       winner and the loser both paying great expenses in blood and treasure.       (p. 43)          Heckler (1990, October) an instructor   for &#8220;The Trojan Warrior Project&#8221; for the U.S. Army Special Operations   Division addressed to this issue when he said:        We are in desperate need       of a warrior who draws his or her power from an expanded awareness       rather than from a stance of fear or aggression. This warrior could       make the U.S. secure without making other countries feel insecure.       (p. 92)          Apparently prevention-oriented strategies   have begun to influence military thinking. This trend paralleled the increasing   emphasis on prevention-oriented medicine by American doctors because it   is wiser, and it costs less, to prevent illness from arising in the first   place than to cure it after it occurs. This prevention-orientation was   illustrated by the following statement of former U.S. Secretary of Defense   William Perry as he spoke to a gathering at Harvard University (cited   in Pexton, 1996, June 3):        Preventive medicine creates       the conditions which support health, making disease less likely and       surgery unnecessary. Preventive defense creates the conditions which       support peace, making war less likely and deterrence unnecessary.       (p. 20)          In the overview to <em>Annual Report   to the President and the Congress</em> (cited in Wilson, 1996, April 15),   Perry also wrote that:        Preventive defense is perhaps       our most important tool for protecting American interests from the       special dangers that characterize the post-Cold War era. Preventive       defense seeks to keep potential dangers to our security from becoming       full-blown threats. (p. 62)          Perry emphasized that preventive   defense was forward looking, not passive or philanthropic. He was quoted   as saying: &#8220;It&#8217;s about hard work and ingenuity today, so that we don&#8217;t   have to expend blood and treasure tomorrow&#8221; (Pexton, 1996, June 3, p.   20). The research reviewed in this Project Demonstrating Excellence suggests   the preventive approach need not be &#8220;hard work&#8221; if the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">right tool</span> is used. Studies by over 50 investigators from 17 universities and research   institutes (reviewed in Appendix A) support the idea that the military   could utilize the technologies available in Maharishi Supreme Military   Science to prevent an enemy from arising. In order to comprehend how this   could be done requires understanding the apparent source of war   &#8212;  stress in collective   consciousness of society.This frontier intervention study     was needed to further investigate the possibility that reducing stress     in collective consciousness of society could prevent war. It was the     first known attempt to document psychological change in a select group     of subjects as a result of importing a large group practicing the TM     and TM-Sidhi programs. Because this study tested effects of moving a     group into a specific area and moving it out again, the study was, in     effect, a feasibility study for use of such a group by the military.     Sociological research (reviewed in Appendix A) has supported the ability     of group practice of the TM and TM-Sidhi programs to reduce stress in     society as a whole. This study could therefore have both scientific     and practical importance. It is hoped that in the future military, government,     or both researchers could replicate this pilot study on a broader scale     under more ideal conditions. Further verification of the field effects     of consciousness could help to determine the usefulness of deploying     a group practicing of the Transcendental Meditation and the TM-Sidhi     programs. If successful such a program could become important prevention-oriented     &#8220;tool&#8221; for military and civilian leaders to prevent war.</div>
<h4><a name="CTheDesignandMethodsOfTheIntervention"></a> C. The Design and Methods Of The Intervention Study</h4>
<div>This was an intervention study.     Originally a different design had been planned. Psychological and neurochemical     indicators of stress were to have been determined in a select group     of nonpractitioners of this technology in the vicinity of a large group     of practitioners that fluctuated moderately in size over a period of     12 to 14 weeks. Data analysis was to have been by transfer function     time series, with daily data on dependent and independent variables.     For scientific as well as practical reasons, this plan was later found     to be unworkable. The principle scientific reason was an apparent impression     of estimates of the size of the independent variable. In the one group     available to the experimenter, the effect of 800 to 1000 practitioners     performing the TM and TM-Sidhi programs in two large buildings located     adjacent to one another was expected to be increased by an unknown amount     due to 1000 to 1500 additional practitioners doing their practice in     their own homes within a one to two mile radius of the large group,     at approximately the same time of day.In previous experiments, a much     larger percentage of the total practitioners of the TM and TM-Sidhi     programs had been together in the groups, thus minimizing the influence     of uncounted people practicing in their own homes. Due to the change     in distribution between groups and homes, the concern arose that the     independent variable of the group size of practitioners of the TM and     TM Sidhi programs would be too imprecise to give a meaningful study.     Fortunately, a viable alternative presented itself, but this happened     in such a way that there was only a narrow time window for locating     subject groups and initiating measurements.The experimenter received only     one day&#8217;s notice that an coherence creating group of male practitioners     of the TM and TM-Sidhi programs called the <em>Purusha</em> program would     begin to leave Fairfield, Iowa in staggered groups on and after Tuesday,     September 12, 1995. Members of this group were moving to a facility     in Avon Lake &#8212; a     suburb of the Cleveland, Ohio metropolitan area. It was quickly decided     that an exploratory intervention study to determine if selected members     of the population near the meditating group experienced less stress     during and after the experimental period than they did before the period     would be a viable alternative to the original plan. The following morning     the experimenter flew to Cleveland, Ohio to locate a subject group for     the experiment and to begin pretest measurements.On Monday, September 25, 1995     the first day of testing began at the police department in the Cleveland,     Ohio metropolitan area. Test packets and instructions were given out     by a designated officer, who kept the name and number code protecting     the identity of each subject. That day, after instructing the designated     officer how to proceed, the experimenter flew out of state to Milwaukee,     Wisconsin in an attempt to locate a suitable external control group.     It was assumed, based on previous studies with groups about this size,     that any proposed effects created by the group of meditators would not     be measurable in an external control group 400 to 500 miles away. After     several days of effort, however, the experimenter was unable to locate     another police department willing to participate on such short notice.     Although the study was weakened by the absence of an external control     group, the decision was made to continue the study in Cleveland, with     change in stress indicators over time as an exploratory measure of an     intervention effect of the group in the size range of about 100 to 150     practitioners of the TM and TM-Sidhi programs.The intervention study was thus     designed as a psychological test of average stress level before, during     and after an advanced group of practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation     and TM-Sidhi programs were moved into the local area.<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Independent Variable</span>:The independent variable was     treated as an on-off function for the main comparisons. Numbers practicing     the TM and TM-Sidhi programs together in the group at the time of the     test were considered in the interpretation of results. The test dates     were as follows. Block I of the battery of psychological tests and questionnaire     was given starting on Monday, September 25, 1995. Block II was given     on Tuesday, January 9, 1996. This time was chosen in an attempt to avoid     any possible effects of depression that might accompany the holiday     season. Because weather variables such as average temperature are known     to affect crime, the final battery of psychological tests and questionnaires     was given one year from Block I, starting on Tuesday, September 24,     1996. Conducting the final measurement one year later controlled for     seasonal changes in weather, day length, etc., as well as for other     situations such as children going back to school. The participants of     the coherence creating group moved from the facility in one group at     5:35 AM on Thursday, June 13, 1996 and traveled to North Carolina, over     600 miles away, where they took residence.<a name="Dependent"></a><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Dependent     Variables</span>:The dependent variables were     the psychological scores and answers to questionnaire of the experimental     subjects in the police department (see Instrumentation).</div>
<h5><a name="1Populationand"></a> 1. Population and Sample</h5>
<div>The subjects were told they would     be participating in an experiment documenting levels of stress in police     workers, but they were blind to the experiment&#8217;s main purpose, that     is, of documenting any changes of their collective levels of stress     due to the local group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and     TM-Sidhi programs. Recruiting was by the chief of police, who requested     that all employees of the department (i.e. patrolmen, detectives, secretaries,     dispatchers, etc.) participate in the experiment. The chief wanted to     document the stress levels of all of his employees and have each individual     subject privately be given their own personal stress profile after the     experiment. For this reason, random assignment of subjects could not     be used to strengthen the research design. The subjects had no known     direct contact with anyone participating in the meditating group.Unfortunately, the experiment     suffered from a large dropout rate. Of 88 potential subjects only 4     qualified subjects completed all psychological tests and questionnaire     from every sampling period. There were only 26 qualified subjects who     had completed all tests and questionnaire for the first week of every     block (see figure 3). Only 19 &#8220;Biographical Data For Stress Study&#8221; forms     were returned. On two of these forms most of the questions were not     answered. The gender of the most of the subjects was ascertained from     the &#8220;Biographical Data For Stress Study&#8221; forms and the POMS tests which     asked the gender of subjects. Fourteen subjects did not mark their gender.     Of the remaining 74 subjects, one indicated female, and the rest indicated     male.The mean age of the 17 subjects     who completed the &#8220;Biographical Data For Stress Study&#8221; forms was 41     years old. Based on the &#8220;Metropolitan Weight Chart&#8221; (cited in Piscatella,     1987) eight subjects were within their weight range and nine were overweight.     Twelve subjects were married, two were single and three were divorced.     Ten subjects had children with a mean of two children at home. Eight     subjects reported medical problems and four reported past illnesses.     Three subjects were taking shark cartilage 2-3 times a day. Seven subjects     took vitamins. One subject took ginko. Two subjects were taking prescription     medicine and two took over-the-counter pain killers an average of 1     per day. Five subjects smoked an average of one pack of cigarettes a     day. The subjects consisted of seven light drinkers of alcohol (0-1     drinks per week), six moderate drinkers (2-7 drinks per week), and six     heavy drinkers (more than one drink per day). One subject ate meat once     a week. Six subjects ate meat once a day and ten ate meat more than     once a day. Ten subjects exercised at least three times a week and seven     subjects exercised less than three times a week. None of the 17 subjects     who completed the &#8220;Biographical Data For Stress Study&#8221; forms practiced     self-improvement techniques such as martial arts, meditation, counseling,     etc.</div>
<h5><a name="2ProceduresandTechniques"></a> 2. Procedures and Techniques</h5>
<div>Subjects were asked to complete     a battery of tests and questionnaire on the first day of their shift     for the week. Ideally, these instruments were to be administered at     the end of the workday at the police department on each of the sampling     days. However, due to sickness, vacations, change of shift, etc., this     objective was not always met. For this reason, there was some lag time     (up to 9 days) with some subjects (approximately 10%).There were four weekly test sessions     during the month of the pretest (Block I), four weekly test sessions     during the month of the experimental period (Block II) and four weekly     test sessions during the posttest (Block III). Block I, Week 1, consisted     of a battery of three tests and a questionnaire described below in the     &#8220;Instrumentation&#8221; section. The remaining three weeks of the block consisted     of a Profile of Mood States (POMS) test (described below). This same     testing format was also used for the Block II experimental period. The     subjects were given all tests and questionnaire during all four weeks     of the final Block III posttest period. The last week of the Block III     battery of tests (the fourth week) included a Biographical Data For     Stress Study sheet (see Appendix). The same four-week data collection     format was used for Blocks II and III. The original intent was to average     the weeks to obtain a more reliable measure. However, due to high subject     attrition across weeks, the advantage of averaging was lost.For the data analysis of Block     I, weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 the subjects (n = 47) were separated into the     alexithymia group (TAS score greater than or equal to 74, n = 8), the     mid-alexithymia group (TAS score of 63 to 73, n = 13) and the non-alexithymia     group (TAS score less than or equal to 62, n = 26). Univariate ANOVA     and multivariate repeated measures MANOVA were used to compare the change     across weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 for these three groups.</div>
<h5><a name="3Instrumentation"></a> 3. Instrumentation</h5>
<div>All testing sessions of every     block used the Profile of Mood States test (&#8220;POM 021,&#8221; available from:     EdITS, San Diego, CA). The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is a standardized     65-item test of those moods most affected by stress. It is a simple,     self-report, adjective check list in which a person checks one of five     levels (&#8220;not at all,&#8221; &#8220;a little,&#8221; &#8220;moderately,&#8221; &#8220;quite a bit,&#8221; &#8220;extremely,&#8221;)     beside each adjective, such as &#8220;Friendly,&#8221; &#8220;Tense,&#8221; etc. There are six     factor-analytically derived factors, &#8220;Tension-Anxiety,&#8221; &#8220;Depression-Dejection,&#8221;     &#8220;Anger-Hostility,&#8221; Vigor-Activity,&#8221; &#8220;Fatigue-Inertia,&#8221; &#8220;Confusion-Bewilderment&#8221;     and a &#8220;Total Mood Disturbance&#8221; (TMD) score. The POMS has demonstrated     internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and remarkably congruent     factorial validity (for an extensive list of references see McNair,     Lorr &amp; Droppleman, 1981).The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)     was administered to experimental subjects the first week of Blocks I     and II and for all four weeks of Block III (Cohen, Karmarck &amp; Mermelstein,     1983). The PSS is a 14-item scale in the public domain designed to measure     the degree to which life events are evaluated as uncontrollable, emotionally     overloading and unpredictable. This is a better predictor of depressive     and physical symptomatology, anxiety and utilization of health services     than life event scales that measure frequency of events rather than     their perceived significance to the individual. For this reason, the     PSS has demonstrated adequate reliability and validity in measuring     the degree to which one&#8217;s life situations are appraised as stressful     (Cohen, Karmarck &amp; Mermelstein, 1983; Cohen, 1986; Cohen &amp; Williamson,     1990).The Toronto Alexithymia Scale<em> </em>(TAS) was administered to experimental subjects during the first     week of Blocks I and II and for all four weeks of Block III to control     for alexithymia (Taylor et al., 1988). This disturbance makes it difficult     for individuals to experience feeling and express emotions verbally.     For this reason, subjects with alexithymic characteristics could bias     the test scores. Although alexithymic characteristics are considered     to change slowly if at all, multiple tests were administered to check     for stability with this unusual intervention. The TAS is a 26-item measure.     It and later derivatives have demonstrated internal consistency, good-test     reliability, and convergent and divergent validity (Bagby, Taylor, Parker     &amp; Loiselle, 1990; Taylor, Bagby, Ryan and Parker, 1990).Sleep problems are often associated     with stress (Hartmann &amp; Brewer, 1976; Kales, et al., 1984; Hicks     &amp; Garcia, 1987). A sleep questionnaire was administered to experimental     subjects during every week of every block to look for any problems in     falling asleep, staying asleep and early awakening. Unfortunately, the     experimenter overlooked inappropriate wording in this instrument. All     the questions should have read: &#8220;past week&#8221; instead of the &#8220;past 4 weeks.&#8221;     Therefore, the results on this questionnaire were unreliable.The subjects were given a Biographical     Data for Stress Study form to fill out after completing the final test     and questionnaire of Block III. Unfortunately, due to the high drop-out     rate, the data from the these forms are derived from only 17 subjects     and may not be representative of the entire group.Copies of the POMS, PSS, TAS     are included in Appendix C. The biographical data questions can be found     in Appendix B.</div>
<h5><a name="4DataAnalysis"></a> 4. Data Analysis</h5>
<div>The data for this study were     analyzed by using the repeated measures ANOVA and MANOVA procedures     available in the SYSTAT software package. The assumptions, weaknesses     and strengths of these procedures are discussed in detail by Vasey and     Thayer (1987) and O&#8217;Brien and Kaiser (1985). The ANOVA results are given     without and with corrections for deviations from ideal satisfaction     of the sphericity assumption. The method of Huynh and Feldt (1980) was     chosen, but the Geisser and Greenhouse (1958) technique gave similar     results in every case. A significance level of .05 was used to test     the null hypotheses.</p>
<hr /></div>
<h3><a name="CHAPTERIVRESULTSANDCONCLUSIONS"></a><strong> CHAPTER IV</strong>. <strong>RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS OF</strong></h3>
<h3><strong>THE INTERVENTION STUDY</strong></h3>
<h4><a name="ATheIndependentVariableNumbersin"></a><strong> A. The Independent Variable</strong>-<strong>Numbers in the Coherence Creating       Group</strong></h4>
<div>Figure 2 plots the number of     the <em>Purusha </em>program members arriving at and departing from the     facility at Avon Lake. The <em>y</em>-axis of the graph shows the number     of the <em>Purusha</em> program members and the <em>x</em>-axis shows the     year-long sampling period. Each group of four red vertical lines represents     the four weeks of testing for Block I (the first test), Block II (the     intervention), and Block III (the posttest). The blue line shows the     <em>Purusha</em> numbers before and during the sampling periods. Each     red vertical line represents three back-to-back testing days.Because of time constraints,     the first test measures could not be accomplished until after members     of the <em> Purusha </em>program had begun to arrive. Figure 2 shows that     about 100 members of the program had already arrived at the facility     on September 25, 1995 the first day of Block I testing. During the Block     I sampling period the <em>Purusha </em>program numbers rose steadily from     about 100 to 120 members and continued steadily rising until the first     sampling period of Block II where there was a substantial drop. This     continuing growth in numbers might have caused a cumulative rise in     the subjects&#8217; test scores. For this reason, the Block I period may have     approximated a pretest. After Block II the group numbers remained relatively     stable until the entire group left the Avon Lake facility on June 13,     1996. The Block III sampling period started over three months after     the group had left, on September 24, 1996.<a name="Figure2Purusha"></a><em> Figure 2. Purusha Numbers</em><img src="http://davidleffler.com/figure2.gif" alt="" width="570" height="340" /><a name="BTestsof"></a><strong> </strong></div>
<h4>B. Tests of Hypotheses</h4>
<div><strong>Null Hypothesis 1. There is     no significant change in the police employees&#8217; Toronto Alexithymia test     scores across Blocks I, II, and III, as measured by tests taken the     first week of each block.</strong>The null hypothesis is rejected.     As shown in Table 1, the analysis of variance across the three blocks     by repeated measures ANOVA and MANOVA showed significant changes in     the predicted direction (i.e., a quadratic polynomial test of order)     for the Toronto Alexithymia test scores. Significance by ANOVA was not     substantially changed when corrected by the Huynh-Feldt (<em>H-F</em>)     method of correcting for deviations from the sphericity assumption.<a name="Table"></a><img src="http://davidleffler.com/table1.jpg" alt="" width="535" height="169" /><strong>Null Hypothesis 2. There is     no significant differential change in the Toronto Alexithymia (TAS)     scores comparing the police employees exhibiting high TAS scores with     those exhibiting low TAS scores across Blocks I, II, and III, as measured     by tests taken the first week of each block.</strong>The null hypothesis is accepted.     As shown in Table 2, the analysis of variance across the three blocks     by repeated measures ANOVA and MANOVA showed no significant interaction     between group (high or low scores) and the change in Toronto Alexithymia     test scores across the three blocks. The significance level by ANOVA     was not substantially changed when corrected by the Huynh-Feldt (<em>H-F</em>)     method of correcting for deviations from the sphericity assumption.     The highly significant between-group ANOVA merely shows that the high-     and low-scoring groups were different from each other on mean TAS score.<a name="Figure3EveryBlockFirstWeekPOMS"></a><em> Figure 3. Every Block First Week &#8211; POMS (n=26)</em><img src="http://davidleffler.com/figure3.gif" alt="" width="572" height="252" /><a name="Figure4EveryBlockFirstWeekTASPSS"></a><em>Figure 4.     Every Block First Week &#8211; TAS, PSS (n=26)</em><img src="http://davidleffler.com/figure4.gif" alt="" width="569" height="364" /><a name="Table2"> <img src="http://davidleffler.com/table2.jpg" alt="" width="592" height="193" /></a><strong>Null Hypothesis 3. There is     no significant change in the police employees&#8217; Perceived Stress Scale     test scores across Blocks I, II, and III, as measured by tests taken     the first week of each block.</strong>The null hypothesis is accepted. As shown in Table 3, the analysis     of variance across the three blocks by repeated measures ANOVA and MANOVA     showed insignificant changes in the predicted directions for the Perceived     Stress Scale test scores. The significance level by ANOVA was not substantially     changed when corrected by the Huynh-Feldt (<em>H-F</em>) method of correcting     for deviations from the sphericity assumption. The quadratic test of     order, however, showed a strong trend towards significance, and the     repeated measures ANOVA approached a trend.<a name="Table3"></a><img src="http://davidleffler.com/table3.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="195" /><strong>Null Hypothesis 4. There is no significant differential change in     the Perceived Stress Scale scores comparing the police employees exhibiting     high TAS scores with those exhibiting low TAS scores across the Blocks     I, II, and III, as measured by the tests taken from the first week of     each block.</strong>The null hypothesis is accepted. As shown in Table 4, the analysis     of variance across the three blocks by repeated measures ANOVA and MANOVA     showed no significant group by block interactions on the Perceived Stress     Scale test scores. However, the low and high scorers on TAS showed a     highly significant difference in PSS scores (between group ANOVA).<a name="Table4"></a><img src="http://davidleffler.com/table4.jpg" alt="" width="592" height="191" /><strong>Null Hypothesis 5. There is no significant change in the police     employees&#8217; POMS factor scores and Total Mood Disturbance scores across     the four weeks of Block I.</strong>The null hypothesis is rejected. As shown in Table 5, the analysis     of variance across the four weeks by repeated measures ANOVA and MANOVA     showed significant linear changes in the predicted direction for the     Total Mood Disturbance score (TMD) and all factors except Vigor-activity.     Significance by ANOVA was not substantially changed when corrected by     the Huynh-Feldt (<em> H-F</em>) method of correcting for deviations from     the sphericity assumption.<a name="Figure5FirstBlockPOMS"></a><em> Figure 5. First Block &#8211; POMS (n=47)</em><img src="http://davidleffler.com/figure5.gif" alt="" width="575" height="254" /><a name="Figure6SecondBlockPOMS"></a><em>Figure 6.     Second Block &#8211; POMS (n=15)</em><img src="http://davidleffler.com/figure6.gif" alt="" width="570" height="258" /><a name="Figure7ThirdBlockPOMS"></a><em>Figure 7.     Third Block &#8211; POMS (n=13)</em><img src="http://davidleffler.com/figure7.gif" alt="" width="575" height="254" /><a name="Table5"></a><img src="http://davidleffler.com/table5.jpg" alt="" width="604" height="565" /><strong>Null hypothesis 6. There is     no significant difference in the POMS factor scores and Total Mood disturbance     scores among the police employees exhibiting high TAS scores and those     exhibiting medium and low scores, across the four weeks of Block I.</strong>The null hypothesis is accepted.     As shown in Table 6, the analysis of variance across the four weeks     by repeated measures ANOVA and MANOVA showed no significant interaction     between group and change in test scores across the four weeks for the     Total Mood Disturbance score (TMD) and all factors. However, all scores     except tension-anxiety and vigor-activity showed significant differences     among the three TAS groups.<a name="Table6"></a><img src="http://davidleffler.com/table6.jpg" alt="" width="594" height="578" /><strong>Null Hypothesis 7. There is     no significant change in the police employees&#8217; POMS factor scores and     Total Mood Disturbance scores across Blocks I, II, and III, as measured     by tests taken the first week of each block.</strong>The null hypothesis is accepted. As shown in Table 7, the analysis     of variance across the three blocks by repeated measures ANOVA and MANOVA     showed no significant changes for the POMS factor scores and Total Mood     Disturbance scores. Depression-dejection did, however, approach significance     for a linear change (repeated measures MANOVA).<a name="Table7"></a><img src="http://davidleffler.com/table7.jpg" alt="" width="607" height="582" /><strong>Null Hypothesis 8. There is no significant differential change in     the POMS factor scores and Total Mood Disturbance test scores comparing     the police employees exhibiting high TAS scores with those exhibiting     low TAS across Blocks I, II, and III, as measured by tests taken the     first week of each block.</strong>The null hypothesis is accepted. As shown in Table 8, the analysis     of variance across the three blocks by repeated measures ANOVA and MANOVA     showed no significant interactions between group and the POMS factor     scores and Total Mood Disturbance scores. However, the two groups (low     and high TAS scores) were significantly different on all factors except     vigor-activity and confusion-bewilderment.<a name="Table8"></a> <img src="http://davidleffler.com/table8.jpg" alt="" width="611" height="571" /></div>
<h4><a name="BInterpretationofResultsoftheIntervention"></a></h4>
<h4>B. Interpretation of Results of the Intervention Study</h4>
<div>This section will discuss the meaning of the results of the intervention     study. The main purpose of the study was to ascertain whether group     practice of the TM and TM-Sidhi programs altered scores on psychological     tests aimed at evaluating stress and certain stress-related personality     variables in experimental subjects not practicing the programs. The     study tested eight null hypotheses. Two out of the eight null hypotheses     were rejected at a significance level of .05.Null hypothesis No. 1 was rejected because analysis showed a significant     change in the Toronto Alexithymia<em> </em>(TAS) test scores across the     three test blocks. The change was in the direction predicted, that is,     TAS scores decreased during the intervention and rose again afterwards.     TAS scores are thought to change insignificantly over long periods of     time (Salminen, Saarijävi, Aäirelä &amp; Tamminen, 1994).     Studies on physiological indicators of chronic stress (Martin &amp;     Pihl, 1986; Walton, Pugh, Gelderloos &amp; Macrae, 1995; MacLean et     al., 1997), and the present finding that higher TAS scores were significantly     associated with high scores on the Perceived Stress Scale and the POMS     scales, suggest that the trait-like quality of alexithymia may result     from long-lasting effects of chronic stress. Thus, if the intervention     reduces or reverses effects of chronic stress, as other studies have     shown for the TM technique (Walton, Pugh, Gelderloos &amp; Macrae, 1995;     MacLean et al., 1997) and have suggested for the effects of collective     consciousness (Pugh, Walton &amp; Cavanaugh, 1988), then the small but     significant changes in TAS over the three blocks are exactly as expected.If this interpretation were correct, one might expect that scores on     the Perceived Stress Scale and the mood disturbance factors and total     Profile of Mood States score would behave the same way as the TAS scores     over the three blocks. The PSS scores did follow the same pattern (<em>p</em> = .06) but the change over the three blocks fell short of significance     (see Table 2). Scores on the POMS factors showed no significant pattern     of change over the three blocks.Null hypothesis No. 5 was rejected because analysis showed significant     linear changes in the predicted direction (i.e., a linear decrease as     group numbers increased) for the Total Mood Disturbance score (TMD),     and all factors from the POMS except vigor-activity, across the four     weeks of Block I (see Figure 5). Although this change was in line with     what might be expected from stress reduction in the police employees     due to the Maharishi Effect, this is probably not the correct interpretation     for the following reason. The same general pattern of improvement in     the scores of the POMS factors was found for both Blocks II and III     (see Figures 6 and 7). Since the number of participants in the group     practice was dropping at the time of Block II tests (see Figure 2),     and all participants were gone by the Block III test, this raised the     concern that possible test-retest effects were responsible for the apparent     improvement. It is highly likely that the apparent pattern of improvement     was due to the Hawthorne Effect (Roethlisberger &amp; Dickson, 1939)     where the employees felt important and appreciated because they were     chosen for a scientific experiment, and for this reason they felt compelled     to improve.</div>
<h4><a name="CLimitationsoftheIntervention"></a>C. Limitations of       the Intervention Study</h4>
<div>This experiment did not involve a direct demonstration by military     personnel. Therefore, it could be argued that any measured effects do     not directly apply to the field of military studies, particularly during     a time of great societal stress or actual war in progress. Another limitation     is the lack of an external control group. Although it was theoretically     possible to have a control group miles away, beyond the reach of the     proposed field effect, due to the time constraints under which the study     was begun, the experimenter was unable to find another police department     willing to participate on short notice. Another possible limitation     is the influence of other large groups of practitioners of the TM-Sidhi     program in countries like India, where the numbers of practitioners     may be large enough to have world-wide effects. Data on the size and     fluctuations of such groups were not available. Changes in the numbers     in those groups might mask effects due to the local group.Another consideration is the reliability of conclusions about cause     and effect when arrived at with the experimental design employed. Because     the study did not utilize a cross-lagged panel design (e.g., moving     the practitioners of the TM-Sidhi program to different locations during     the experimental period instead of daily meditation at one location)     it is impossible to draw firm conclusions, particularly in the absence     of a simultaneous external control group.</div>
<h4><a name="DSignificanceoftheIntervention"></a>D. Significance of       the Intervention Study</h4>
<div>Verification of the field effects of consciousness in different settings     is important in helping to determine the usefulness to the military     of the group practice of the TM-Sidhi program. The present study was     appropriate because it involved moving a small group of practitioners     into and out of a particular locale, as might be done with military     personnel being sent to a trouble spot anywhere on the globe. Other     types of sociological research have supported the ability of this type     of technology to reduce stress in society. The purpose of this experiment     was to see if indicators of stress were lowered in a specific group     of society responsible for guarding the safety of people and property.     The present results, although not strong, provide some tentative support     for the usefulness of this technology in this regard. It is hoped that,     in the future, conditions will be right somewhere in the world for other     researchers to replicate this study using an external control group     and perhaps other testing instruments.</div>
<h4><a name="ESummaryoftheInterventionStudyHyp"></a>E. Summary of       the Intervention Study Hypotheses, Method, and Findings</h4>
<div>The main purpose of this study was to determine whether indicators     of stress level are lowered in other humans in the vicinity of a group     practicing the TM-Sidhi program when the group is suddenly moved into     an area and then, months later, moved out again. The sample population     consisted of police workers who were told they would be participating     in an experiment documenting their levels of stress, but were blind     to the experiment&#8217;s main purpose.The first instrument, the Profile of Mood States, (POMS), assessed     stress in the following areas:-      Tension-Anxiety-      Depression-Dejection-      Anger-Hostility-      Vigor-Activity-      Fatigue-Inertia-      Confusion-BewildermentThis instrument also provided     a &#8220;Total Mood Score&#8221; (TMD) which was a total of all five areas.The second instrument was the     Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), which assessed the degree to which life     events are evaluated as uncontrollable, emotionally overloading and     unpredictable. The third instrument employed was the Toronto Alexithymia     Scale (TAS) which assessed alexithymia, a disturbance that makes it     difficult for individuals to experience feeling and express emotions     verbally. This study also had a high drop-out rate. At the end of the     study only 19 subjects returned the Biographical Data<em> </em>form, hardly     enough to represent the entire group.The intervention study tested     the statistical significance of eight null hypotheses. The findings     indicated that two of the eight were rejected at a significance of .05.     The rejected hypotheses across the three blocks revealed that there     was a significant change in the subjects&#8217; TAS scores in going from Block     I to Block II to Block III. That is, there was a drop from Block I to     Block II and a rise again in Block III. This finding suggests that there     was some reduction in a stress-related variable in going from Block     I to Block II and a rise in this variable in going from Block II to     Block III, after the TM-Sidhi group had left the area. The results indicated     that the PSS approached a change in the same pattern as the change in     TAS, but the absolute change was not statistically significant.Data also revealed that alexithymic     subjects (or high scorers on the TAS) showed significantly higher scores     on the Perceived Stress and POMS scales than did non-alexithymic subjects     (low scorers on the TAS). This finding strongly suggests that alexithymics     have a high level of chronic stress and that differences in TAS scores     indicate, at least in part, differences in chronic stress. Findings     further reveal that low versus high TAS scores had no apparent effect     on the responses to environmental influences reflected in the other     instruments or questions. Overall, the above findings appear to be consistent     with the literature for the Maharishi Effect and may provide a measure     of support to the conclusion that reduction of collective stress took     place during the intervention period.</div>
<h4><a name="FConclusionsdrawnfromtheInterventi"></a> F. Conclusions drawn from the Intervention Study</h4>
<div>Based on the above findings the following conclusions were reached:1. The null hypothesis           that there is no significant change in the police employees&#8217; Toronto           Alexithymia test scores across Blocks I, II, and III, as measured           by tests taken the first week of each block, was rejected. This           finding appears to be in general agreement with the review of           literature for the Maharishi Effect and may give some validity           to the proposal that reduction of collective stress took place           during the intervention period.2. The null hypothesis             that there is no significant differential change in the Toronto             Alexithymia (TAS) scores comparing the police employees exhibiting             high TAS scores with those exhibiting low TAS scores across             Blocks I, II, and III, as measured by tests taken the first             week of each block was accepted. This finding does not appear             to have any particular implication for the theory of the Maharishi             Effect but may call into question the belief that alexithymia             is a trait.3. The null hypothesis             that there is no significant change in the police employees&#8217;             Perceived Stress Scale test scores across Blocks I, II, and             III, as measured by tests taken the first week of each block             was accepted. Although there was change in the expected direction,             this change was small and did no reach statistical significance.             The pattern of change, however, closely approached significance             in the expected direction and appears to be in general agreement             with the review of literature for the Maharishi Effect.4. The null hypothesis             that there is no significant differential change in the Perceived             Stress Scale scores comparing the police employees exhibiting             high TAS scores with those exhibiting low TAS scores across             the Blocks I, II, and III, as measured by the tests taken from             the first week of each block was accepted. This finding is consistent             with the finding of hypothesis number 2 and may further challenge             the notion of alexithymia as a trait.5. The null hypothesis             that there is no significant change in the police employees&#8217;             POMS factor scores and Total Mood Disturbance scores across             the four weeks of Block I was rejected. This finding would appear             to be in general agreement with the review of literature for             the Maharishi Effect and would appear to give support for the             conclusion that reduction of collective stress took place during             the first Block of the intervention period. However, this interpretation             was ruled out because the same general pattern of improvement             also was found for both Blocks II and III. For Block III in             particular, this pattern would not be expected. Because of the             similarity of the pattern for each of the blocks, the pattern             of results appeared to be a test-retest effect. This finding             does not appear to relate to the literature for the Maharishi             Effect. Some noticeable effect on the POMS might have been expected             due to a progressive reduction of stress in Blocks I and II,             but not Block III.6. The null hypothesis             that there is no significant difference in the POMS factor scores             and Total Mood disturbance scores among the police employees             exhibiting high TAS scores and those exhibiting medium and low             scores, across the four weeks of Block I was accepted. This             finding appears to have no direct bearing on literature results             for the Maharishi Effect, but is consistent with results for             hypotheses 2 and 4 in challenging the concept of alexithymia             as a trait.7. The null hypothesis             that there is no significant change in the police employees&#8217;             POMS factor scores and Total Mood Disturbance scores across             Blocks I, II, and III, as measured by tests taken the first             week of each block was accepted. This finding does not appear             to be in general agreement with the review of literature for             the Maharishi Effect.8. The null hypothesis             that there is no significant differential change in the POMS             factor scores and Total Mood Disturbance test scores comparing             the police employees exhibiting high TAS scores with those exhibiting             low TAS scores across Blocks I, II and III, as measured by tests             taken the first week of each block, was accepted. This finding             appears to have no bearing on the literature results for the             Maharishi Effect.<a name="GDiscussionandPossibleExplanationsofthe"></a></div>
<h4>G. Discussion and Possible       Explanations of the Observed Outcomes</h4>
<div>The objective of the experiment     was to test whether moving a group of advanced practitioners of the     TM-Sidhi program into an area would result in a decrease in stress indicators     in subjects from the surrounding community. The predicted pattern was     a decrease in stress indicators when the group arrived, and an increase     shortly after the group left. The POMS and PSS were chosen as perhaps     the clearest self-report indicators of chronic stress, reflecting stress-related     mood states and perceived stress, respectively. To control for subjects     who were either unaware of or clearly aware of their moods and feelings,     the TAS (an instrument for evaluating alexithymic characteristics) also     was administered. It was expected that alexithymic subjects (i.e., subjects     with high TAS scores) would not report their stress in the same way     as the people with lower scores. In addition, however, based on recent     unpublished information (K. G. Walton, personal communication, July     12, 1997), it was considered possible that the condition named alexithymia     may arise from chronic stress, and therefore people who exhibit this     pattern may be highly stressed but report a lower level on evaluative     instruments such as the POMS and PSS.In the results obtained, the     PSS demonstrated the predicted pattern of starting high, diminishing     when the entire TM-Sidhi group was present, then increasing again after     the meditating group left the area. Although the actual amount of change     was not significant, the pattern of change was in the predicted direction     and did approach significance (p = .06). The POMS showed no significant     change, and the small changes that were seen were not in the predicted     direction. TAS showed significant changes in directions that were predicted     from the assumption that the condition of alexithymia results, at least     in part, from chronic stress. This significant decrease of TAS score     (and presumably also of the condition of alexithymia) during the period     the TM-Sidhi group was present may well have been part of the reason     for the lack of significant change in the POMS and PSS. As the subjects&#8217;     alexithymic characteristics diminished, they may have become more aware     of and able to report a higher level of stress, thus altering the degree     or direction of apparent change in the (self-reported) POMS and PSS     information.A further likely reason for the     failure of the changes in POMS and PSS to reach significance was the     less-than-ideal pretest timing. Due to the short notice that the experimenter     had, and therefore the short time for finding and setting up the subject     pool, the pretest data were obtained only early in the process of moving     the TM-Sidhi subjects into the area, not before they were moved in.     Since other studies have shown (for some variables) same-day effects     of the presence of such groups, it is likely that some of the proposed     decrease of stress in the present study had already occurred by the     time pretest measurements were taken. This could substantially decrease     the observed change in stress measures, particularly on the POMS and     PSS, which are known to respond quickly to changing conditions. For     the TAS, on the other hand, rapid change would not be expected. Alexithymia     is a well-entrenched condition and is not likely to change quickly when     exposed to major changes in the environment. Thus, in this case, the     pretest may have been closer to the ideal, that is, before any change     had occurred.In partial support of this understanding     of the results, subjects who scored high on the TAS also scored significantly     higher on the PSS and POMS than did the subjects who scored low on TAS.     Subjects with intermediate TAS scores had intermediate scores on the     PSS and POMS. In no case, however, did the high and low scorers on TAS     appear to respond significantly differently on their PSS and POMS tests     over the period of the study. Although this result was not what was     tentatively predicted (i.e., that the high and low scorers would respond     differently), this outcome may have been due to the same explanation     as above-the less-than-ideal timing of the pretest.     Differences may have been apparent had the pretest been a true pretest.Although only a few of the outcomes     of this study reached significance in a manner that might uphold the     overall hypothesis of this study, there are plausible reasons for this     within the study design and the characteristics of the measured variables.     Thus, it is felt that the data warrant further studies of this type,     with more ideal conditions such as a separate control group at a distance     beyond the proposed reach of the TM-Sidhi group, and better timing of     the pretest measurements.</div>
<h4><a name="HRecommendationsBasedontheInterven"></a> H. Recommendations Based on the Intervention Study Findings</h4>
<div>Based on the intervention study,     the following recommendations are made:1. Further studies conducted       with an external control group are needed to investigate the utility       of the field effects of Maharishi Supreme Military Science technology       to reduce what appear to be long-lasting effects of chronic stress       (such as the alexithymia trait-state studied here) in non-practitioners       of the technology.2. Further studies with an         external control group also would be useful to investigate the utility         of the field effects of Maharishi Supreme Military Science technology         in increasing adaptability and thus to reduce perceived stress in         non-practitioners of the technology.3. Further studies with an         external control group might also investigate the utility of the         field effects of Maharishi Supreme Military Science technology to         affect outcomes on other types of measuring instruments related         to stress. Other instruments could help to further understand the         nature of the apparent effect or to reject the conclusion of an         effect on collective stress if the vast majority of instruments         provide no support.</p>
<hr /><a name="CHAPTERVCREATINGANIDEALMILITARYORGANIZATION"></a></div>
<h3>CHAPTER V.<strong> CREATING AN IDEAL MILITARY ORGANIZATION USING MAHARISHI     SUPREME MILITARY SCIENCE</strong></h3>
<div><strong> </strong><strong> </strong><strong> </strong><strong> </strong></div>
<div><strong> </strong></div>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<h4><strong><a name="AANewRolefortheMilitaryPreventi"></a><strong> A. A New Role for the Military</strong> &#8212; Preventing the Birth of an Enemy</strong></h4>
<div>If Maharishi&#8217;s consciousness-based system of defense is truly <span style="text-decoration: underline;">defensive,</span> it should prevent the birth of an enemy. At least militarily speaking, if a nation has no enemies it should be invincible. The military would not be drawn to fight in battle because, in theory, the invincible shield of friendliness that surrounds and protects the nation it defends would make war obsolete. This &#8220;national armor&#8221; is called &#8220;<em>rashtriya kavach</em>&#8221; in Vedic terminology (Maharishi, 1996). If Maharishi Supreme Military Science technologies     achieve the desired goal of averting the birth of an enemy, any nation     could achieve victory before war. If this technology is really effective,     as studies so far suggest, properly-trained military prevention wings     practicing the advanced Maharishi Supreme Military Science technologies     together in each continent could permanently create peace for the world     and an &#8220;age of enlightenment.&#8221;It is a point of view in Vedic     studies that the role of the military is to prevent war, and if war     should accidentally happen, to end it as quickly as possible. The military     is traditionally the most disciplined institution in the nation. Its     duty is to protect and maintain the nation&#8217;s integrity. Therefore, the     military will always exist. However, because of the advent of Maharishi     Supreme Military Science, its role could change, and its defense systems     along with it. Military History shows that many of today&#8217;s &#8220;tried and     proven&#8221; military technologies were yesterday&#8217;s pipe dreams. For instance,     although the breech loading rifle was far superior to muzzle loaders,     armies delayed its adoption for years; and few leaders thought that     Billy Mitchell could sink battleships with flying machines made of wood,     cloth, and baling wire. New scientific technologies can give a strategic     advantage, even at a distance. For instance, the radar &#8220;shield&#8221; deployed     in England during World War II maximized the fighting power of the under-sized     Royal Air Force. These examples show why the pioneering Italian airpower     advocate General Giulio Douhet&#8217;s strategy still applies today: &#8220;<em>Victory     smiles upon those who anticipate the change in the character of war,     not upon those who wait to adapt themselves after the changes occur</em> &#8221; (Douhet, 1942/1983, p. 30).The quest to develop superior     weapons technology has been fueling an arms race for centuries. Now     another revolutionary change in the character of war could be on the     horizon &#8212; <em>no     war!</em> In the tradition of military pioneers, military leaders might     consider anticipating the changes that could occur after widespread     implementation of Maharishi Supreme Military Science.</div>
<h4><a name="BTheMaharishiEffecttheFirstTruly"></a> B. The Maharishi Effect, the First Truly Defensive Defense System</h4>
<div>The Maharishi Effect appears     to strike at that most fundamental strategic point where enemies arise-stress     in collective consciousness. If enemies are not born there are no battles.     Warfare and violence become obsolete. For this reason, Maharishi&#8217;s consciousness-based     strategy may be the first truly <span style="text-decoration: underline;">defensive</span> system for maintaining     peace. At least militarily speaking, if a nation has no enemies it is     invincible. It remains &#8220;friends&#8221; with everyone, ensuring security. History     shows national invincibility is not possible through weapons or material     defenses alone because newer and better weapons can always be developed.     Invincibility is gained, however, if all other nations are our allies.     If a Maharishi Effect shield really works, as studies so far suggest     it does, Military Prevention Wings of experts in this technology, deployed     in every nation, could create a permanent shield of friendliness that     would surround and protect the nation. For these simple but profound     reasons, the strategic advantage that might be gained by implementing     such a consciousness-based technology, as an addition to existing defense     systems, is much greater than it might at first appear. As with any     other technological breakthrough, concepts change only as the practical     benefits become clearly manifest.The Maharishi Effect benefits     appear to be well documented. Because of the ease of implementation,     the rapidity of the influence, and their humanitarian appeal, Maharishi&#8217;s     consciousness-based technologies may represent a new scientific advance     directly relevant to national defense. The Maharishi Effect research     indicates that a very small percentage of the population, a fraction     of the size of a military organization, can influence the trends of     society, steering the whole population in a harmonious and progressive     direction. What current or proposed technology can begin to match the     expected benefits to be gained by establishing a Military Prevention     Wing to apply this technology? Benefits to the military&#8217;s own country     appear most far-reaching, but situations can be imagined where such     a group could be profitably used outside the country, in existing or     potential trouble spots, for example. Compared to the cost of deploying     a fully-armed military force to hot-spots like Bosnia, the cost for     a prevention wing is small. Expenses for establishing such a wing are     largely non-recurring.</div>
<h4><a name="CAnticipatingtheChangeintheCharac"></a><strong> C. Anticipating the Change in the Character of War</strong> &#8212; <strong>No War</strong></h4>
<div>The concept of using a military&#8217;s     collective consciousness to radiate coherence and eliminate stress is     hardly a widely-accepted military strategy in today&#8217;s arena of military     might. Defensive radar systems routinely radiate electromagnetic waves     over a hundred miles, but the idea that human minds might radiate a     peaceful influence which might be used to create a defense system is     novel. Most people today view the human mind or consciousness as being     trapped inside the head. It will take a leap of understanding for most     leaders to adopt the strategy of improving collective consciousness     as an effective way of preventing conflict.</div>
<h4><a name="DMaharishiSupremeMilitaryScienceTechnology"></a> D. Maharishi Supreme Military Science Technology May Be the Most Cost-Effective,     Innovative, and Humane Defense System Available.</h4>
<div>In a time of increased responsibility,     increased costs of military hardware and declining military budgets     in most countries, the technology discussed here is unique in its promise     for meeting multiple laudable goals. First, a prevention wing is cost-effective.     Considering the hundreds of billions of dollars spent worldwide on defense,     the cost of implementing this technology is minor. Once convinced, militaries     adopt the latest technologies to accomplish their missions. Research     suggests that this human resource technology is the most advanced and     practical means to defend a nation. It is simple to implement and produces     immediate results. The research also suggests that any nation&#8217;s military     can cheaply and quickly create global defense and a lasting peace. Furthermore,     the technology is completely humane-it promotes progress and positive     evolutionary trends both within the nation and in surrounding nations.The military is traditionally     the most orderly and disciplined institution in society. According to     military historian Martin Van Creveld (1991, p. 220) &#8220;[o]nce the potential     usefulness of a new concept is recognized, no organization is better     placed than the armed forces to guide its development and bring it to     fruition.&#8221; For this reason, it may be appropriate for military organizations     to create prevention wings and to use them to maintain coherence in     the collective consciousness of their nation and even throughout the     world. Many military bases already have enough personnel to create the     worldwide Maharishi Effect. Military duties of personnel would be minimally     affected, since practice of the TM and TM-Sidhi programs morning and     evening would require only two to four hours per day.Field-testing the potential of     a Military Prevention Wing to avert dangers that have not yet come could     be accomplished quickly, inexpensively, and conclusively. Such tests     of coherence-creating effects of the TM and TM-Sidhi programs, and its     ability to reduce collective societal stress, could be replicated in     countries large and small throughout the world. History indicates the     effect of introducing such &#8220;coherent systems&#8221; could prevent hostilities.     Warriors since Sun Tzu (500 B.C./1983) have championed the idea that     the supreme art of war is to win without fighting. If such tests were     successful, military prevention wings could drastically change the character     of war, beyond the dreams of Douhet and Sun Tzu. Future militaries may     realize the highest ideal of military service: <em>Invincibility without     harm to ourselves, our country or our neighbors, and lasting peace for     the world</em> &#8212; <em> victory before war</em>!</p>
<hr /></div>
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The development of the Transcendental Meditation movement.         <em>Zetetic 1</em>(2), 38-48.Wurtman, R.J., Rose, C.M.,         Chow, C., &amp; Larrin, S.F. (1968). Daily rhythms in the concentrations         of various amino acids in human plasma. <em>New England Journal of         Medicine, 279</em>, 171-175.Young, S.N., (1992). The         effect of increasing and decreasing trypotophan availability in         mood and behavior in humans. In I. Ishiguro, R. Kido, T. Nagatsu,         Y. Nagamura, &amp; Y. Ohta (Eds.), <em>Advances in trypotophan research         1992</em> (pp. 49-54). Toyoake, Japan: Fujita Health University Press.Zamarra, J.W., Schneider,         R.H., Besseghini, I., Robertson, D.K., &amp; Salerno, J.W. (1996).         Usefulness of the Transcendental Meditation Program in the treatment         of patients with coronary artery disease. <em>The American Journal         of Cardiology, 77</em>, 867-870.</p>
<hr /></div>
<h3><a name="APPENDIXAMAHARISHIEFFECT"></a> APPENDIX A: MAHARISHI EFFECT PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS</h3>
<div>(An earlier version of this       table appeared in Kleinschnitz, 1997)[Since this dissertation was     published in 1997, <a href="http://davidleffler.com/sapratableii.html"> a new version of this     table</a> has been published in <a href="http://davidleffler.com/sapraalternative.html"> Leffler,     D.R., Kleinschnitz, K.W., &amp; Walton, K.G. (1999, May 1). An alternative     to military violence and fear-based deterrence: Twenty years of research     on the Maharishi Effect. Security And Political Risk Analysis (SAPRA     India)</a> (Available at: http://www.subcontinent.com/sapra/research/military/m_1999_05_01.html).</div>
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<tr>
<td width="2%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="2%" valign="Top">1</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Abou         Nader, T. M., Alexander, C. N., &amp; Davis, J. L. (1984). The Maharishi         Technology of the Unified Field and reduction of armed conflict:         A comparative, longitudinal study of Lebanese villages. In R. A.         Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M. Weinless (Eds.),         <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program:         Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 4, pp. 2623-2633). Vlodrop, The Netherlands:         Maharishi Vedic University Press</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">5         Lebanese villages in the war region, each with population of 10,000,         were studied over the period October 1978 to March 1984. In July         1982 one village, Basinka, reached the 1% TM threshold. Quarterly         war data was obtained from the most objective newspaper in Lebanon.         Differences between Basinka and control villages reached a significance         of p&lt;.005.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         War shelling fell (p&lt;.005).- War casualties fell (p&lt;.005).- War property damage fell           though fighting in the region intensified (p&lt;.005).- Violence ceased in Basinka           compared to control villages (p&lt;.00001).</td>
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<td width="2%" valign="Top">2</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Alexander,         C. N., Abou Nader, T. M., Cavanaugh, K. L., Davies, J. L., Dillbeck,         M. S., Kfoury, R. J., &amp; Orme-Johnson, D. W. (1984). Effects         of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field on the war in Lebanon:         A time series analysis of the influence of international and national         coherence creating assemblies. In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H.         Schenkluhn, &amp; M. Weinless (Eds.), <em> Scientific Research on         the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em> , (Vol.         4, pp. 2687-2714). Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University         Press.</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">TM-Sidhi         groups assembled for two weeks on three occasions in 1984, in the         US, Lebanon, and Yugoslavia, each of size predicted to impact events         in Lebanon. Studied with time series intervention analysis, each         assembly produced a significant impact with p&lt;.0038, p&lt;.000036,         and p&lt;.016 respectively, while the impact of the three together         was p&lt;.000046.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         Positivity in Lebanon rose strikingly by an average of 2.34 points         (on a -4 to +4 scale) above a baseline of negativity of -.82 (p&lt;.000046).- War deaths fell by 55%,           an average of 3.6 per day (p&lt;.00036).- War injuries fell by           38%.- Currency value rose by           .93 cents per week during assemblies, but declined .13 cents per           week across the six-month period (p&lt;.01).</td>
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<td width="2%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="2%" valign="Top">3</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Assimakis,         P. D. (1989). Change in the quality of life in Canada: Intervention         studies of the effect of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi         program (Doctoral dissertation, Maharishi International University,         1989). <em>Dissertation Abstracts International, 50</em>(5), 2203B.         (Abstract also printed in R. K. Wallace, D. W. Orme-Johnson, &amp;         M. C. Dillbeck (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental         Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 5, p. 3248). Fairfield,         IA: Maharishi International University Press.)</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">The         impact of the MIU TM-Sidhi group on violent death, accident fatalities,         cigarette consumption, and work-days lost in strikes over the years         1972-1986 was assessed using time series impact analysis.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         Violent deaths (traffic fatalities, homicides, &amp; suicides) fell         4.1% (p&lt;.01).- Fatalities due to accidents           fell 5.1% (p&lt;.005).- Cigarette consumption           fell 10.1% (p&lt;.001).- Work-days lost in strikes           fell 18.8% (p&lt;.001)</td>
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<td width="2%" valign="Top">4</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Assimakis,         P. D. &amp; Dillbeck, M. C. (1995). Times series analysis of improved         quality of life in Canada: Social change, collective consciousness,         and the TM-Sidhi program. <em>Psychological Reports, 76</em>, 1171-1193.</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">The         impact of the MIU TM-Sidhi group on Canadian quality of life was         assessed from 1983 to 1985 using time series analysis of weekly         data (n=156 weeks). For 78 weeks of the 156 the MIU group exceeded         threshold.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         Violent death rate fell (p&lt;.001).- Quality of life improved           (p&lt;.0001).- Influence of the TM-Sidhi           group was not linear --            an addition of 635 to the group produced a 4.1% reduction in Canadian           violent death.</td>
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<td width="2%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="2%" valign="Top">5</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Beresford,         M. S., &amp; Clements, G. (1983). The group dynamics of consciousness         and the U.K. stock market. In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn,         &amp; M. Weinless (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental         Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 4, pp. 2616-2622).         Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press.</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">The         "All Share" Index for Great Britain was studied for 1982-1983. Time         series analysis was used to assess the impact of a British TM-Sidhi         group exceeding a threshold of 250 (on nine occasions.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         "All Share Index" of Great Britain rose during and following above-threshold         periods (p&lt;.01).- "All Share Index" during           above-threshold times rose at 8 times the ordinary rate.</td>
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<td width="2%" valign="Top">6</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Borland,         C., &amp; Landrith, G. S. III. (1976). Improved quality of city         life through the Transcendental Meditation program: Decreased crime         rate. In D.W. Orme-Johnson, J.T. &amp; Farrow, (Eds.), <em>Scientific         Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>,         (Vol. 1, pp. 639-648). Rheinweiler, West Germany: Maharishi European         Research University Press.</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">The         change in crime rate in 11 US 1% cities, with population greater         than 25,000, from 1972 to 1973 were compared to changes in matched         control cities using FBI Uniform Crime Report data for these years.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         Crime rates fell 16% as compared to 11 matched control cities (p&lt;.001).- Crime rates fell 8.2%           compared to 1971-1972 rates for these same cities (p&lt;.002).</td>
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<tr>
<td width="2%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="2%" valign="Top">7</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">Burgmans,         W. H. P. M., Burgt, A. T. van der, Langenkamp, F. P. Th., &amp;         Verstegen, J. G. (1983). Sociological effects of the group dynamics         of consciousness: Decrease of crime and traffic accidents in Holland.         In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M. Weinless         (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation         Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 4, pp. 2566-2582). Vlodrop,         The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press, also Sijben,         W., (1983). (dissertation) same as Burgmans, et. al. Collected Papers         Vol. 4, A Taste of Utopia, University of Twente, Netherlands, Crime         and traffic accidents dropped as a TM-Sidhi group in Netherlands         exceeded threshold during 3 separate periods during the years 1971-1982.</td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top">A         retrospective time series analysis study of national crime and traffic         accident rates in Holland over the years 1971 to 1981 was conducted         using monthly figures provided by the Holland Central Office for         Statistics.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">A         Holland national TM-Sidhi group exceeded threshold three times in         the years 1971 to 1981.- Crime rate dropped each           time the TM-Sidhi group exceeded threshold (p&lt;.02).- Traffic accident rate           dropped each time the group exceeded threshold (p&lt;.001).</td>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="2%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="2%" valign="Top">8</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Cavanaugh,         K. L. (1987). Time series analysis of U.S. and Canadian inflation         and unemployment: A test of a field-theoretic hypothesis. <em>Proceeding         of the American Statistical Association, Business and Economics         Statistics Section</em> (pp. 799-904). Alexandria, Virginia: American         Statistical Association. (Reprinted in R. K. Wallace, D. W. Orme-Johnson,         &amp; M. C. Dillbeck, (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental         Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 5, pp. 3188-3206).         Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University Press.)</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">Monthly         figures for Okun's "misery index" (sum of inflation and unemployment         rates) for the US. and Canada were assessed for years 1979 to 1988         using Liu's linear transfer function method. The null hypothesis,         the Maharishi Effect produced no influence, was strongly rejected.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         Misery index in US fell 39.9% as the MIU group exceeded threshold         (p&lt;.01).- Misery index in Canada           fell 29.3% as the MIU group exceeded threshold (p&lt;.00004).</td>
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</tbody>
</table>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="2%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="35%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="2%" valign="Top">9</td>
<td width="35%" valign="Top">Cavanaugh,         K. L., &amp; King, K. D. (1988). Simultaneous transfer function         analysis of Okun's misery index: Improvements in the economic quality         of life through Maharishi's Vedic Science and technology of consciousness.         Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical         Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, August 22-25, 1988. An abridged         version of this paper appeared in <em>Proceedings of the American         Statistical Association, Business and Economics Statistics Section</em>,         491-496, 1988. (Reprinted in R. K. Wallace, D. W. Orme-Johnson,         &amp; M. C. Dillbeck (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental         Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 5, pp. 3207-3223).         Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University Press.)</td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top">US.         misery index, monetary growth and crude materials prices were studied         using a linear transfer function method. The three taken together         were significant at p&lt;1.6 x 10<sup>-12</sup> indicating a significant         impact of the group on the US national economy.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">For         the years 1979 to 1988 as the MIU group exceeded threshold economic         trends improved in the US as the MIU group exceeded threshold.- Misery index fell 36.1%           (p&lt; 8.7x10<sup>-7</sup>).- Growth rate of monetary           base impacted (p&lt;.00001).- Crude materials rate           of price increase fell 13% (p&lt;.000026).</td>
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</table>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">10</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">Cavanaugh,         K. L., King, K. D., &amp; Ertuna, C. (1989). A multiple-input transfer         function model of Okun's misery index: An empirical test of the         Maharishi Effect. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American         Statistical Association, Washington, D.C., August 6-10, 1989. An         abridged version of this paper appears in <em>Proceedings of the         American Statistical Association, Business and Economics Statistics         Section,</em> 1989, (Alexandria, Virginia: American Statistical Association).         (Reprinted in R. K. Wallace, D. W. Orme-Johnson, &amp; M. C. Dillbeck,         (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation         Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 5, pp. 3224-3239). Fairfield,         IA: Maharishi International University Press.)</td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top">Okun's         "misery index" was studied in the US from 1980 to 1988 controlling         for monetary growth, rate of change of crude material prices, and         rate of change of industrial production using a multiple-input transfer         function method.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         Decline in the US. misery index from its peak in 1980 to 1988 was         due in measure to the Maharishi Effect.- Misery index fell by           1988 to 40% of the 1980 peak value with 31.1% of the decline attributable           to the MIU group (p&lt;3.2x10<sup>-9</sup>).- In this model each 100           additional participants in a the TM-Sidhi group produced a further           decrease of .31% in US. inflation and unemployment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">11</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">Cavanaugh,         K. L., King, K. D., &amp; Titus, B. D. (1989). Consciousness and         the quality of economic life: Empirical research on the macroeconomic         effects of the collective practice of Maharishi's Transcendental         Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting         of the Midwest Management Society, Chicago, IL, March 1989, and         published in R. G. Greenwood (Ed.), <em>Proceedings of the Midwest         Management Society</em> (Chicago, IL: Midwest Management Society),         183-190. (Reprinted in R. K. Wallace, D. W. Orme-Johnson, &amp;         M. C. Dillbeck (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental         Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 5, pp. 3240-3246).         Fairfield, IL: Maharishi International University Press.)</td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top">The         impact of the MIU group TM-Sidhi program on the twin "miseries"         of inflation and unemployment was studied using multiple input time         series analysis on US economic data over the period 1979 to 1988.         Strong statistical evidence for a causal role is presented.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         Increases in the size of a TM-Sidhi group led to measurably improved         economic conditions.- Inflation and unemployment           together fell 4.65 points, about 40% (p&lt;.01).- Group TM-Sidhi practice           had a more significant impact on unemployment and inflation than           either of the usual explanations, monetary base growth or supply           side shocks.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">12</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Cavanaugh,         K. L., Orme-Johnson, D. W., &amp; Gelderloos, P. (1984). The effect         of the Taste of Utopia Assembly on the World Index of international         stock prices. In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, &amp;         M. Weinless (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental         Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 4, pp. 2715-2729).         Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press.</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">The         "World index" of 1,100 securities from 19 countries was studied         using transfer-function analysis for the impact of a group of 7,000         TM-Sidhi experts gathered for three weeks.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         World stock market index rose at an annualized percentage rate of         85%, while in the three-week periods both preceding and following         the assembly, the rate was -1% (p&lt;.005).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">13</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Davies,         J. L. (1988). Alleviating political violence through enhancing coherence         in collective consciousness: Impact assessment analysis of the Lebanon         war (Doctoral dissertation, Maharishi International University,         1988). <em>Dissertation Abstracts International, 49</em>(8), 2381A.</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">A         database of articles related to events in Lebanon from many media         sources compiled by the Lebanese Information and Research Center         in Washington, D.C. was used to assess the impact of seven large         TM assemblies held at varying distances from Lebanon on events in         Lebanon over the years 1983-1985. Box-Jenkins impact analysis assigned         a significance of p&lt;.0001 to the TM intervention overall, and         p&lt;.01 for each individual assembly.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         Cooperation among antagonists rose by 66% (p&lt;4 x 10<sup> -7</sup>).- War intensity fell 48%           (p&lt;3 x 10<sup>-9</sup>).- War fatalities fell 71%           (p&lt;5 x 10<sup>-7</sup>).- War injuries fell 68%           (p&lt;5 x 10<sup>-7</sup>).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="720">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">14</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Davies,         J. L., &amp; Alexander, C. N. (1983). The Maharishi Technology of         the Unified Field and improved quality of life in the United States:         A study of the First World Peace Assembly, Amherst, Massachusetts,         1979. In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M. Weinless         (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation         Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 4, pp. 2549-2563). Vlodrop,         The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press.</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">A         TM-Sidhi group of 2,500 assembled in Massachusetts for 6 weeks in         1979. Predicted in advance, and compared with trends over the same         period for the previous 8 years in Massachusetts, and the US as         a whole, the Maharishi Effect was studied using t-tests. Time series         analysis was used for the Standard &amp; Poor's Composite Index         of stock prices.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         Traffic fatalities in US fell 6.5% (p&lt;.0001).- Violent crime in US fell           3.4% (p&lt;.02).- Air transport fatalities           in US fell 20.8% (p&lt;.05).- Fatal accidents in US           fell 4.0%.- Standard &amp; Poor's           Index rose 5.0% (p&lt;.035), and Dow Jones rose 4.8%.- Traffic fatalities in           Mass. fell 19% (p&lt;.05).- Violent crime in Mass.           fell 10% (p&lt;.00001).- Air traffic fatalities           in Mass. dropped 83% (p&lt;.001).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">15</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Davies,         J. L., &amp; Alexander, C. N. (1989). Alleviating political violence         through enhancing coherence in collective consciousness: Impact         assessment analysis of the Lebanon war. Paper presented at the 85th         Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association., Atlanta,         GA. (Summary printed in R. K. Wallace, D. W. Orme-Johnson, &amp;         M. C. Dillbeck (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental         Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 5, pp. 3260-3262).         Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University Press.)</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">The         Lebanon war was the most extreme and violent of the more than 60         conflicts world-wide in years 1983-1985. For 11% of this period,         TM-Sidhi groups of size sufficient to impact the war were assembled         on 7 separate occasions at varying distances from the country. The         combined significance of all indicators together is p&lt;9x10<sup>-20</sup>.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         War intensity fell 48%, fatalities fell 71%, injuries fell 68%,         cooperation rose 66%.- Effects of temperature,           holidays, the possibility that courses were initiated upon hearing           some good news, existing trends in Lebanon, media coverage, selected           pruning of data or period, measurement artifact, bias, coincidence,           seasonal cycles, and behavioral interaction between course and           nation are all controlled for in the study.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="720">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">16</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Dillbeck         M. C. (1978). The Transcendental Meditation program and a compound         probability model as predictor of crime rate change. Paper presented         at the Midwest Sociological Society Meeting, Omaha, Nebraska. In         R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M. Weinless, (Eds.),         <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program:         Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 4, pp. 2496-2514). Vlodrop, The Netherlands:         Maharishi Vedic University Press.</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">Dillbeck         creates a statistical model for crime rates and validates it on         108 US cities, and then the US as a whole. He then applies the model         to Kansas City where 4 of 23 metropolitan cities reached 1% TM during         the years 1972-1975. Linear regression analysis was used to predict         immediate future crime trends based on past performance, and comparing         the 1% cities to the remaining cities.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         Crime rate dropped 17.3% the year the cities reached 1% TM while         crime in the remaining (control) cities rose by 12.8% (p&lt;.001).- Crime rate remained 14.5%           less in following years in 1% cities, compared to an 11.6% increase           in remaining (control) cities (p&lt;.001).</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top">17</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Dillbeck,         M. C. (1988). (abstract) Collective consciousness and social change:         Effects of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field on U.S.         violence. <em>Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science, 95</em>(1),         A56.</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">Box-Jenkins         transfer function analysis was used to assess the impact of US weekly         violent death trends for 1982-1985 for homicide, suicide and traffic         fatalities.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         Violent death due to homicide, suicide, traffic fatalities in US.         during 1982-1985 declined sharply when the MIU Maharishi Effect         group size exceeded threshold.</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top">18</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Dillbeck,         M. C. (1990). Test of a field theory of consciousness and social         change: Time series analysis of participation in the TM-Sidhi program         and reduction of violent death in the U.S. <em>Social Indicators         Research, 22</em>, 399-418. (Reprinted in R. K. Wallace, D. W. Orme-Johnson,         &amp; M. C. Dillbeck (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental         Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 5, p. 3247). Fairfield,         IA: Maharishi International University Press.)</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">Box-Jenkins         autoregressive integrated moving averages analysis and transfer         function analysis were used to assess the impact of the MIU TM-Sidhi         group on US weekly violent fatalities due to traffic accident, homicide         and suicide across the period 1979-1985.</td>
<td width="34%" valign="Top">-         Violent death decreased 5.5% due to the influence of the TM-Sidhi         group. Thus, 63% of the total decrease in violent death is attributable         to group TM-Sidhi practice (p&lt;.0001).- In the model each additional           participant in the national TM-Sidhi group reduced annual violent           deaths by 3.8 lives.</td>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="22%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="38%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">19</td>
<td width="22%" valign="Top">Dillbeck,         M. C., Banus, C. B., Polanzi, C., &amp; Landrith III, G. S. (1988).         Test of a field model of consciousness and social change: The Transcendental         Meditation and TM-Sidhi program and decreased urban crime. <em>The         Journal of Mind and Behavior, 9</em>(4), 457-485. (Reprinted in R.K.         Wallace, D.W. Orme-Johnson, &amp; M.C. Dillbeck (Eds.), <em>Scientific         Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>,         (Vol. 5, pp. 3172-3187). Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International         University Press.)</td>
<td width="38%" valign="Top">Study         1: 160 randomly chosen US cities, in 4 different size categories,         comprising 26% of US metropolitan population were studied for the         impact of level of TM participation during years 1967-1978 on FBI         crime statistics using cross-legged panel analysis to assess causality.         By 1976 TM participation in these cities had reached .45%.Study 2: 80 randomly chosen           standard metropolitan areas, comprising 47% of US metropolitan           population were studied using multiple regression analysis. By           1976 TM participation in these metropolitan areas had reached           .33%.Study 3: Time series analysis           is used to assess the impact of a TM-Sidhi group on D.C. weekly           violent crime totals over the period October 1981 to October 1983.</td>
<td width="32%" valign="Top">-         Causal role of TM participation in decrease of crime rate trends         is demonstrated with high order of confidence in a study of 160         randomly chosen US cities (p&lt;.01 for half the years, p&lt;.05         for remaining years).- Causal role of TM participation           in crime rate trends is demonstrated with high order of confidence           in a study of 80 randomly chosen large metropolitan areas (p&lt;.01           for each year 1972 on).- Violent crime drops .295           events per week for each TM-Sidhi participant, or a total reduction           of 2,929 violent crimes across the two years for a TM-Sidhi group           numbering an average of 321 (p&lt;.001).- The analysis suggests           that 76.6% of the decrease in violent crime in D.C. in years 1981-1983           was attributable to impact of the TM-Sidhi group.</td>
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<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">20</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Dillbeck,         M. C., Cavanaugh, K. L., &amp; Berg, W. P. (1983). The effect of         the group dynamics of consciousness on society: Reduced crime in         the union territory of Delhi, India. In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements,         H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M. Weinless (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research         on the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>,         (Vol. 4, pp. 2583-2588). Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic         University Press.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">3,000         TM-Sidhi experts assembled in New Delhi, India November 1980. Group         size diminished in following months through March 1981 when the         threshold number was no longer exceeded. Time series analysis was         used to study the intervention using daily crime data.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Crime decreased 11% compared to previous trends (p&lt;.0001).</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top">21</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Dillbeck,         M. C., Cavanaugh, K. L., Glenn, T., Orme-Johnson, D. W., &amp; Mittlefehldt,         V. (1987). Consciousness as a field: The Transcendental Meditation         and TM-Sidhi program and changes in social indicators. <em>Journal         of Mind and Behavior, 8</em>(1), 67-104. (Reprinted in R. K. Wallace,         D. W. Orme-Johnson, &amp; M. C. Dillbeck (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research         on the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>,         (Vol. 5, pp. 3151-3171). Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International         University Press.)</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Time         series analysis is used to assess the impact on crime trends of         five separate Maharishi Effect interventions around the world. In         New Delhi, crime rates dropped. In Puerto Rico, the impact of a         group numbering 185 was significant. In the Philippines crime decreased         and quality of life rose. In Rhode Island quality of life rose during         the study, and continued to improve when many residents began the         practice of TM.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Crime fell 11% in Delhi, India (p&lt;.0001).;- Crime fell significantly           in Puerto Rico as a group was established, and rose after its           departure (p&lt;.025).- Crime fell 12% in the           Philippines (p&lt;.005).- Quality of life rose           in the Philippines (p&lt;.025).- Quality of life rose           in Rhode Island (p&lt;.01).- Quality of life remained           higher following the intervention in Rhode Island (p&lt;.01).</td>
</tr>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">22</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Dillbeck,         M. C., Foss, A. P. O. Zimmermann, W. J. (1993). Maharishi's Global         Society Campaign: Improved quality of life in Rhode Island through         the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. In R. A. Chalmers,         G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M. Weinless (Eds.), <em>Scientific         Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>,         (Vol. 4, pp. 2521-2531). Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic         University Press.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">300         TM-Sidhi experts went to Rhode Island from June 12 to September         12, 1978. Using Delaware, a similar state, as a control, time series         analysis on monthly data from 1974 to 1980 for crime rate, motor         vehicle fatality rate, motor vehicle accident rate, death rate,         beer consumption, cigarette consumption, unemployment rate, and         pollution, was used to assess the impact of the Maharishi Effect.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Quality of life --          as assessed by an index composed of crime rate, vehicular fatality         rate, vehicular accident rate, death rate, beer consumption, cigarette         consumption, unemployment and pollution-improved significantly both         during (p&lt;.01) and following (p&lt;.005) the intervention.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">23</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Dillbeck,         M. C., Landrith III, G. S., &amp; Orme-Johnson, D. W. (1981). The         Transcendental Meditation program and crime rate change in a sample         of forty-eight cities. <em>Journal of Crime and Justice, 4, </em>25-45.         (Reprinted in Chalmers, R. A., Clements, G., Schenkluhn, H. &amp;         Weinless, M. (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental         Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 4, pp. 2487-2495).         Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press.)</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">The         authors compared all 24 US cities with 1% TM in 1972 to 24 control         cities matched for population, college population, and geographical         region. Crime rates for 1967 to 1971 served as control period, and         1972 to 1977 as experimental period. 10 demographic factors were         included in a bivariate analysis of covariance of crime rate slope         and immediate 1973 crime rate decrease.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Crime rate immediately dropped 14% in Maharishi Effect cities as         compared to control cities (p&lt;.01).- Crime trends in 1% cities           remained an average of 3.8% below predicted levels for the following           five years.</td>
</tr>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">24</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Dillbeck,         M. S., Landrith III, G. S., Polanzi, C., &amp; Baker, S. R. (1982).         The Transcendental Meditation program and crime rate change: A causal         analysis. In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M.         Weinless (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation         Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 4, pp. 2515-2520). Vlodrop,         The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Cross-lagged         panel correlation was used to assess causality between TM participation         and crime rate decreases in two studies, one using 160 randomly         chosen cities, the second using 80 randomly chosen metropolitan         areas which include over 47% of the total US metropolitan population.         The studies controlled for 10 confounding variables and used linear         regression to predict crime rates from baseline years 1964-1971.         Evidence for causality in the 160 cities on a year-to-year basis         exceeded p&lt;.05 on 3 and p&lt;.01 on 3 of the 7 years total. In         the 80 metropolitan areas, p&lt;.01 for all 7 years.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Crime trends nationwide in the US fell an average of 18% below conservatively         predicted levels attributable to TM participation during years 1972-1978.- Crime reductions due           to TM participation were established on a high level of statistical           significance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">25</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Dillbeck,         M. C., Larimore, W. E., &amp; Wallace, R. K. (1984). A time series         analysis of the effect of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified         Field: Reduction of traffic fatalities in the United States. In         R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M. Weinless (Eds.),         <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program:         Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 4, pp. 2589-2599). Vlodrop, The Netherlands:         Maharishi Vedic University Press.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">The         MIU TM-Sidhi group exceeded the US threshold of 1,520 17 times in         1982. Interrupted time series analysis was used to assess the group         impact on US traffic accidents. At level 1,520 participants, a significance         of p&lt;.014 was obtained. At higher level 1,600 (reached 10 times)         p&lt;.005 was obtained.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Traffic fatalities in the US nationwide fell 2.8 per day when the         MIU TM-Sidhi group exceeded threshold (p&lt;.014).- Traffic fatalities in           the US fell 7.5 per day for a day with an addition of 100 to the           1,520 group size, lagged slightly.</td>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="720">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">26</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Dillbeck,         M. C., Mittlefehldt, V., Lukenbach, A. P., Childress, D., Royer,         A., Westsmith, L., &amp; Orme-Johnson, D. W. (1984). A time series         analysis of the relationship between the group practice of Transcendental         Meditation and TM-Sidhi program in crime change in Puerto Rico.         In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M. Weinless         (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation         Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 4, pp. 2678-2686). Vlodrop,         The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">A         TM-Sidhi group reached the predicted threshold of 185 for Puerto         Rico during April, May, and June 1984. Using "Category 1" (major         crimes) crime data from 1969 to 1984, time series intervention analysis         was used to assess the impact of the group.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Crime in Puerto Rico fell an average of 649 crimes per month below         predicted values when the TM-Sidhi group threshold was exceeded         (p&lt;.025).- Crime stayed below predicted           levels for 4 months following consistent with the predicted effect           from the large US assembly in 1984 (p&lt;.025).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">27</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Dillbeck,         M.C., &amp; Rainforth, M.V. (1996). Impact assessment analysis of         behavioral quality of life indices: Effects of group practice of         the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. <em>Proceedings         of the American Statistical Association, Social Statistics Section,</em> 1996, pp. 38-43, (Alexandria, Virginia: American Statistical Association).</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Study         1: A behavioral index was computed based on monthly data from 1970         to 1986 on U.S. motor vehicle fatalities, suicides, homicides, accidental         death, notifiable diseases, alcohol consumption and cigarettes taxed         and analyzed as a dependent variable, with TM-Sidhi program participation         (avg. daily number of participants) as the independent variable         using Liu and Hanssens linear transfer function.Study 2: Data collection           and analyses in Study 1 were replicated for Canada.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         A significant effect, 36.1%, of the threshold value of the independent         variable (square root of 1% of U.S. population) on behavioral quality         of life in the U.S. was obtained.- A similar statistically           significant effect, 31.6%, was obtained in the replication for           Canada.</td>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="720">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="29%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">28</td>
<td width="29%" valign="Top">Gelderloos,         P., Cavanaugh, K. L., &amp; Davies, J. L. (1990). The dynamics of         U.S.-Soviet relations, 1979-1986: Effects of reducing social stress         through the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Presented         at the American Psychological Association Convention, Boston, August         11 and the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association,         Anaheim, August 8. An abridged version of this paper, entitled "A         simultaneous transfer function analysis of U.S.-Soviet relations:         A test of the Maharishi Effect" published in the <em>Proceedings         of the American Statistical Association</em>, Social Statistics Section,         1990, pp. 297-302.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Simultaneous         transfer function modeling was used to study US-Soviet relations         over the years 1979-1986. Content analysis of articles from the         Zurich project was analyzed using Azar's coding rules. Analysis         yielded p&lt;.00001 for the positive effect of the TM and TM-Sidhi         programs on US-Soviet relations. Both monthly and weekly data were         assessed, with comparable result.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         US actions towards the USSR improved after the MIU TM-Sidhi group         exceeded threshold, lagged 3 months.- US actions towards the           USSR improved with a 2-month lag as the group reached a size of           1,700.- USSR actions toward the           US improved 2- to 4-months after the TM-Sidhi group reached 1,700.</td>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="720">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">29</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Gelderloos,         P., Frid, M. J., Goddard, P. H., Xue, X., &amp; Löliger, S.         A. (1988). Creating world peace through the collective practice         of the Maharishi technology of the Unified Field: Improved U.S.-Soviet         Relations. <em>Social Science Perspectives Journal, 2</em>(4), 80-94.         (Reprinted in R. K. Wallace, D. W. Orme-Johnson, &amp; M. C. Dillbeck         (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation         Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 5, pp. 3249-3259). Fairfield,         IA: Maharishi International University Press.)</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Time-series         assessment of the impact of the MIU TM-Sidhi group on the 347 public         comments by President Reagan related to the Soviet Union over the         period April 1985 to September 1987. Neutral raters blind to the         hypothesis rated content of each item. The joint significant of         all impacts together was p&lt;.007.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Public statements by the US president about the USSR became increasingly         positive by an average of 4 points on a 14-point scale (p&lt;.024         at lag 0 weeks, p&lt;.002 at lag 3 weeks).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">30</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Gelderloos,         P., Frid, M. J., &amp; Xue, X. (1989, April). (abstract) Improved         U.S.-Soviet relations as a function of the number of participants         in the collective practice of the TM-Sidhi program, Abstract insert         in <em>Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science, 96</em>(1), A33.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">All         478 public statements by the US president about the USSR over the         years 1984-1987 were rated on a war-peace scale. Time series analysis         of quartile distributions of the number in the MIU TM-Sidhi groups         had a significant relationship with the positivity of the president's         utterances. These two results together were highly significant at         lags 0 and 3 with p&lt;.0007.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Public statements of the US. President about the USSR and its General         Secretary became more positive as the Maharishi Effect group size         increased (p&lt;.0019 for lags 3, 5, and 8 weeks together).- More statements were           made about the USSR when numbers were above the second quartile           at lag 2 (p&lt;.0087).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="720">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">31</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Goodman,         R.S. (1997). The Maharishi Effect and Government: Effects of a national         demonstration project and a permanent group of Transcendental Meditation         and TM-Sidhi program practitioners on success, public approval,         and coherence in the Clinton, Reagan, and Bush Presidencies. (Doctoral         dissertation, Maharishi University of Management, 1997). (Also in         Goodman, R.S., Orme-Johnson, D.W., Rainforth, M.V., Goodman, D.H.         (in press). Transforming political institutions through individual         and collective consciousness: The Maharishi Effect and government.         <em>Proceeding of the 1997 Annual Meeting of the American Political         Science Association, </em>Washington, D.C.)</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Study         1: A Maharishi Effect intervention group called the National Demonstration         Project (NDP) was created in the US capital. Predictions were lodged         in advance with government leaders and newspapers. The research         protocol was approved by an independent Project Review Board comprised         of criminologists, sociologists, and political scientists from six         independent universities as well as civic leaders and representatives         from the police department. The first study used time series structural         break analysis.Study 2: ARIMA times series           transfer function analyses was used to measure the effects of           large groups practicing the TM and TM-Sidhi programs (the independent           variable) on the Clinton, Reagan, and Bush administrations.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">Study         1: Variables showed a significantly changed trend in the predicted         direction toward greater positivity after NDP began, p values are         one-tailed:- Clinton's approval rating           showed a net change increase (p=5.29 x 10<sup>-8</sup> ).- Media positivity toward           Clinton showed a net change increase (p=.01).- Emergency psychiatric           calls decreased (p=.009).- Hospital trauma cases           decreased (p=.02).- Complaints against the           police decreased (p=.01).- Accidental deaths decreased           (p=.05).- Quality of life index           improved (p=3.22 x 10<sup>-5</sup>).Study 2: All p values are           one-tailed.- Bi-weekly data showed           statistically significant increase of approval rating and media           positivity for Clinton (from p=.03 to p=.0005). Bush and Reagan           (Reagan media positivity not available) monthly data showed similar           results (p=.035 to p=4.09 x 10<sup> -18</sup>).- Analysis of U.S. interactions           with other countries (net cooperation, WEIS data set) during Reagan           administration showed significant influence of the TM-Sidhi group           (p=4.82 x 10<sup>-12</sup>).- Increases in TM-Sidhi           group associated with increases in net cooperation of the U.S.           with other countries (p = or &lt;.01 for significant lags of independent           variables).</td>
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</table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="719">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">32</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Gowing,         S. G. (1986). (BSW thesis) What does the Maharishi Technology of         the Unified Field mean for social work? A study in Australia., Unpublished         BSW honors thesis. University of Sidney, Australia.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Time         series analysis was used to assess the impact of two above-threshold         Maharishi Effect events on Australian trends in January 1983 (n=400)         and on New South Wales trends for April 1984 (n=192).</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Traffic fatalities fell 13.9%, a reduction of 34 fatalities (p&lt;.0005).- Unemployment fell 8.3%,           meaning work was found for 39,230 people (p&lt;.0005).- Stock value increased           1% per day of the impact period p&lt;.025).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">33</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Hagelin,         J. S., Orme-Johnson, D. W., Rainforth, M., Cavanaugh, K., &amp;         Alexander, C. N. (1994, September). Results of the National Demonstration         Project to Reduce Violent Crime and Improve Governmental Effectiveness         in Washington, D.C. June 7 to July 30, 1993, <em>MIU, Institute of         Science, Technology and Public Policy Technical Report ITR</em>-<em>94:1</em></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">A         Maharishi Effect intervention was created and studied in the US         capital. Predictions were lodged in advance with government leaders         and newspapers. The research protocol approved by an independent         Project Review Board set the experimental period from June 7 to         July 30, 1993. Time series analysis was employed in the study.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Crime fell 18%* below the predicted level when the TM-Sidhi group         reached its maximum (p&lt;.00008 for weekly data).- Temperature, weekend           effects, or previous trends in the data failed to account for           changes.- Public approval of the           US president suddenly changed from a negative trend to a positive           trend, as predicted (p&lt;.00002).(*In 1999 a updated report           published in <em>Social Indicators Research, 47, 153-201</em> indicates           that crime fell 20.1%. Please read a <a href="http://www.subcontinent.com/sapra/research/military/tableii.html"> summary in the new version of this table</a> published in Leffler,           D.R., Kleinschnitz, K.W., &amp; Walton, K.G. (1999, May 1). <a href="http://www.subcontinent.com/sapra/research/military/m_1999_05_01.html"> An alternative to military violence and fear-based deterrence:           Twenty years of research on the Maharishi Effect. Security And           Political Risk Analysis (SAPRA India)</a> (Available at: http://www.subcontinent.com/sapra/research/military/m_1999_05_01.html).</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top">34</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Hatchard,         G. (1977). Influence of the Transcendental Meditation program on         crime rate in suburban Cleveland. In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements,         H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M. Weinless (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research         on the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>,         (Vol. 2, pp. 1199-1204). Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic         University Press. (Also in <em>Freedom Behind Bars.</em> Rheinweiler,         W. German: Maharishi European Research University Press.)</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">40         suburban areas of Cleveland were studied for a relationship between         crime and TM participation over the years 1972 through 1976. Crime         decreases from 1973 to 1974, from 1974 to 1975, and 1975 to 1976,         the years for which some areas exceeded 0.5% participation in the         TM program, were significant at p&lt;.001, p&lt;.01, and p&lt;.001         respectively.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         4 of the 40 Cleveland suburban areas reaching 1% TM in 1974 .- Crime dropped 8.1% in           1974 compared to 1973 in 1% suburbs, while increasing an average           of 4.0% in the remaining suburbs (p&lt;.001).- Crime in 1% neighborhoods           dropped an additional .7% from 1974 to 1975 while increasing an           average of 5.7% in the remaining suburbs (p&lt;.01).</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top">35</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Hatchard,         G. D., Deans, A. J., Cavanaugh, K. L. , &amp; Orme-Johnson, D. W.         (1996). The Maharishi Effect: A model for social improvement. Time         series analysis of a phase transition to reduced crime in Merseyside         metropolitan area. <em> Psychology, Crime and Law</em>, <em>2</em>(3)         165-174.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Time         series analysis of monthly crime data and coherence group size from         1978 to 1991 shows a phase transition occurred during March 1988         when the group size first exceeded threshold (p&lt;.00006)</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Crime rate fell by 16% in Merseyside, but increased by 20% in the         rest of England and Wales by 20%- Merseyside moved from           third highest crime rate of all metropolitan areas, to second           lowest crime rate.- 170,000 fewer crimes           were reported in Merseyside than expected over 3-1/2 year period.- Savings to government           are projected at &amp;pound;850 million.</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">36</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Landrith         III, G. S., &amp; Dillbeck, M. C. (1983). The growth of coherence         in society through the Maharishi effect: Reduced rates of suicides         and auto accidents. In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn,         &amp; M. Weinless (Eds.), <em> Scientific Research on the Transcendental         Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em> , (Vol. 4, p. 2479-2486).         Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">All         US 1% cities with populations greater than 10,000 (n=21) were matched         with control cities for geography, population, and college population         but less than .07% practicing TM. The study controlled for eight         demographic variables and compared rates for 1972 to 1977 to those         of control cities and to rates for 1967 to 1971 for the same city.         Multivariate t-test analysis of the data yielded a statistical significance         of p&lt;.005.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Suicide rates fell 3.2% in 1% cities but rose 2.7% in control cities         (p&lt;.001).- Traffic accidents fell           1.8% in 1% cities, but rose 5.2% in the controls (p&lt;.001).</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top">37</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Lanford,         A. G. (1984a). Reduction in homicide in Washington, D.C. through         the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field, 1980-1983: A time         series analysis. In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn,         &amp; M. Weinless (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental         Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 4, pp. 2600-2608).         Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Time         series analysis of weekly homicide data for the period August 1980         to November 1983 (n=173) in Washington, D.C. was investigated for         a threshold of 400 TM-Sidhi experts, obtained 38 out of 76 weeks.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Homicides fell by 0.9 per week, a 22% decrease, when threshold was         exceeded (p&lt;.02).</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top">38</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Lanford,         A. G. (1984b). The effect of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified         Field on stock prices of Washington, D.C. area based corporations,         1980-1983: A time series analysis. In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements,         H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M. Weinless (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research         on the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>,         (Vol. 4, pp. 2609-2615). Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic         University Press.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Time         series analysis of weekly stock price data for Washington, D.C.         corporations 1980-1983 (n=173) in Washington, D.C. was investigated         for a threshold of 400 TM-Sidhi experts locally, obtained 38 out         of 76 weeks, or for the MIU TM-Sidhi group.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">-         Stock prices for Washington D.C. corporations rose an average of         $2.46 during weeks in which either the local TM-Sidhi group exceeded         threshold, or the MIU group exceeded threshold (p&lt;.01, and p&lt;.0005,         respectively).</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top">39</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Lubeck,         M.R. (1997). (Title not yet available) (Doctoral dissertation, Maharishi         University of Management, 1997).</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">The         impact of the TM-Sidhi group at M.U.M. and practitioners of the         TM program throughout the U.S. was assessed using time series analysis         and structural break analysis. The study measured the relationship         between traffic fatalities, retail sales, and vehicle miles traveled         when the predicted threshold was surpassed for the TM-Sidhi program         group at M.U.M. alone, and for practitioners of the TM program throughout         the US.</td>
<td width="37%" valign="Top">Preliminary         results of the structural analysis indicated that when the number         of practitioners reached predicted thresholds there was a significant         decrease in traffic fatalities, controlling for the vehicle miles         traveled. Also, the relationship between retail sales and vehicle         miles significantly changed when the size of the TM-Sidhi group         exceeded threshold: A much lower increase in traffic fatalities         occurred with an increase in the economy. Overall, there was a 5%         average decrease when all of the thresholds were met (p&lt;.001)</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top">40</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Orme-Johnson,         D. W., Alexander, C. N., Davies, J. L., Chandler, H. M., &amp; Larimore,         W. E. (1988). International peace project in the Middle East: The         effects of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field. The effects         of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field. <em>Journal of         Conflict Resolution, 32</em> (4), 776-812. (Reprinted in Chalmers,         R. A., Clements, G., Schenkluhn, H. &amp; Weinless, M. (Eds.), <em>Scientific         Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>,         (Vol. 4, pp. 2653-2678). Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi International         University Press.)</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">An         Israel Maharishi Effect group was established summer 1983. The number         of participants varied on a daily basis from a low of 65 to a high         of 241. Time series analysis and transfer function analysis are         simultaneously used, and results compared, on six variables, and         three composite quality of life indicators.</td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top">-         War intensity dropped 45% (p&lt;.0045)- War deaths dropped 76%           (p&lt;.02) from a mean of 40 deaths per day to 9.7 per day.- Crime in Israel dropped           12% (p&lt;.0016) from a mean of 608 per day to 535 per day.- Crime in Jerusalem dropped           8.8% (p&lt;.023) from a mean of 46.7 per day to 42.6 per day.- Fires dropped 30% (p&lt;.045)           from a mean of 8 per day to 5.6 per day.- Auto accident fatalities           fell 34% (p&lt;.024) from a mean of 3.9 per day to 2.5 per day.- Taken together, quality           of life improved by 1.3 standard deviation units in Israel (p&lt;.0001),           by .75 in Lebanon (p&lt;.02) and by .94 in Jerusalem (p&lt;.003)</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top">41</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Orme-Johnson,         D. W., Cavanaugh, K. L., Alexander, C. N., Gelderloos, P., Dillbeck,         M. C., Lanford, A. G., &amp; Abou Nader, T. M. (1987). The influence         of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field on world events         and global social indicators: The effects of the Taste of Utopia         Assembly. In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M.         Weinless (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation         Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 4, pp. 2730-2762). Vlodrop,         The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">An         experiment to assess the influence of the Maharishi Effect on world         trends was conducted starting December 1983 for three weeks. A group         of over 7,000 TM-Sidhi experts assembled at MIU in Iowa. Statistical         significance was obtained in every category of the predicted results         using, for heads of state -- content         analysis; for positive --          negative event --          content analysis; for Lebanon war events         --  content analysis;         increase in stock prices --          regression analysis; for traffic fatalities world-wide         -- chi square; for         air traffic fatalities --          contingency table analysis; for patent applications         -- chi square; for         infectious disease rate --          a randomization test; for crime rate --          time series analysis.</td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top">-         Heads of state successfully reversed prior negative trends in their         nations (p&lt;.004).- Positive events increased           and negative events decreased during the assembly (p&lt;.002).- In Lebanon great progress           towards peaceful resolution of war was made during experiment,           but was lost after (p&lt;.006).- World stock index rose           .77 points per day during assembly, which was declining .14 points           per day previous to and following the assembly (p&lt;.001).- Traffic fatalities were           18 percent lower than predicted (p&lt;.0001).- Air traffic fatalities           world-wide were the fewest ever reported (p&lt;.0001).- Patent applications rose           simultaneously in nations world-wide by 15.2% (p&lt;.0001).- Infectious disease rates           fell by 32% in reporting nations US and Australia (p&lt;.0001).- Crime rates fell in national           capitals (p&lt;.000001).</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top">42</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Orme-Johnson,         D. W., Dillbeck, M. C., Alexander, C. N., Chandler, H. M., &amp;         Cranson, R. W. (1989). (abstract) same as Orme-Johnson, et. al.         Collected Papers Vol. 5, Orme-Johnson, D. W., Dillbeck, M. C., Alexander,         C. N., Chandler, H. M., and Cranson, R. W. Time series impact assessment         analysis of reduced international conflict and terrorism: Effects         of large assemblies of participants in the Transcendental Meditation         and TM-Sidhi program. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of         the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A.,         August 1989.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Three         large assemblies approaching the Maharishi Effect threshold for         the world (n=7,000) were held during the years 1983-1985. Time series         analysis was used in conjunction with the content analysis of world-wide         news events reported in the New York Times and London Times. The         Rand Corporation data bank was used to study international conflict         (p&lt;.025, p&lt;.005 and p&lt;.01 for each of the three assemblies)         and terrorism (p&lt;.025). Time series analysis of the World index         of stock price yielded p&lt;.025.</td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top">-         International conflict decreased 32% (p&lt;.025).- Terrorist casualties           decreased 72% (p&lt;.025).- Capitol International           World Stock Index increased (p&lt;.025).- The Maharishi Effect           had a rapid onset.- The Maharishi Effect           influenced trends from distances of thousands of miles.- Violence was reduced           in other nations without intrusion by other governments.</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top">43</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">Orme-Johnson,         D. W., Dillbeck, M. C., Bousquet, J. G., &amp; Alexander, C. N.         (1983). An experimental analysis of the application of the Maharishi         Technology of the Unified field in major world trouble-spots: Increased         harmony in international affairs. In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements,         H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M. Weinless (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research         on the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>,         (Vol. 4, p. 2532-2548). Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic         University Press.</td>
<td width="28%" valign="Top">In         1978 a total of 1,400 TM-Sidhi experts went to 5 world trouble spots         -- Lebanon, Iran, Rhodesia,         Kampuchea, and Nicaragua-for 10 weeks to create the Maharishi Effect.         14,567 events for 1978 were recorded in the Conflict and Peace Data         Bank, the world's largest such resource. Contingency table analysis         of COPDAB data against a 10-week control period, against a 1-year         baseline, and against a 10-year baseline all showed improvement.         Time series analysis showed the project had a strong and statistically         significant effect world-wide. Investigators report trouble-spot         areas experienced noticeable decreases in violence and disorder         upon arrival of the group, and, in general, a return to previous         trends upon their departure.</td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top">Compared         to a ten-week baseline, world-wide trends improved- Hostile acts, as a proportion,           decreased nationally 16.7% (p&lt;.002).- Verbal hostilities, as           a proportion, increased nationally by 3.5% (p&lt;.01).- Cooperative events, as           a proportion, rose nationally by 13.2% (p&lt;.007).- The number of cooperative           events increased 115%.Compared to a one-year           baseline, world-wide trends also improved (p&lt;.001). As proportions:- Hostile acts decreased           8.4%.- Verbal hostilities decreased           5.7%.- Cooperative events increased           14.1%.Compared to a ten-year           baseline, world-wide trends again improved (p&lt;.001). As proportions:- Hostile acts decreased           2.8%.- Verbal hostilities decreased           1.0%.- Cooperative events increased           3.8%.</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="29%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">44</td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top">Orme-Johnson,         D. W., &amp; Gelderloos, P. (1984). The long-term effects of the         Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field on the quality of life         in the United States (1960-1983). In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements,         H. Schenkluhn, &amp; M. Weinless (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research         on the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>,         (Vol. 4, pp. 2634-2652). Vlodrop, The Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic         University Press.</td>
<td width="29%" valign="Top">US         quality of life was studied over the years 1960-1983 using a comprehensive         index comprised of 12 annual measures related to crime, health,         economics, education, safety, and marital happiness in society.         The percentage of US TM participation together with the number in         the MIU TM-Sidhi group comprised the Maharishi Effect variable.         Evidence the Maharishi Effect caused improved quality of life came         from lagged cross-correlations predicting quality of life from TM-participation         showing this indicator accounted for 44% of the variance p&lt;.0001.         Regression analysis yielded a similar result with p&lt;.0001 as         well.</td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top">A         Reversal of long-term decline in US. quality of life occurred as         large no. of US population began TM and accelerated sharply when         square root of 1% threshold exceeded.- Crime rate fell for the           first time in 20 yrs. by .78%, 4.3%, and 7.6% in 1981 to 1983,           the first three years of the MIU TM-Sidhi group.- Civil cases reaching           trial dropped 11.5% in 1982-83.- Infectious diseases declined           7% in 1983.- Infant mortality reached           all-time low in 1983.- Suicides have fallen           from 1977 peak.- Hospital admissions began           a decline in 1981.- Cigarette consumption           showed largest decline,6.2% in 1983.- Alcohol consumption began           a steep decline from 1981 onwards.- Drug abuse reversed trends           starting 1982.- GNP per capita rose 2.3%           in 1983 marking the end of the recession.- Unemployment declined           sharply starting 1983.- Poverty increases leveled           off in 1982.- Patent applications reached           highest level ever in 1982.- Degrees conferred per           capita begin to rise in 1982- Divorce rates reversed           a steady increase beginning in 1982.- Traffic fatality rate           fell dramatically starting 1981.- Fatalities due to fire           started a continuing decline in 1975, while number of fires remained           constant.</td>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="29%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td width="3%" valign="Top">45</td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top">Orme-Johnson,         D. W., Gelderloos, P., &amp; Dillbeck, M. C. (1988). The effects         of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field on the U.S. quality         of life (1960-1984). <em> Social Science Perspectives Journal, 2</em>(4),         127-146.</td>
<td width="29%" valign="Top">US         quality of life was studied over the years 1960-1984 using an index         composed of 11 annual measures of crime, health, economics, creativity,         marital stability, and safety. With the Maharishi Effect as the         independent variable and quality of life as dependent regression         analysis gives an impact with p&lt;.0001. Checking for the impact         of the TM-Sidhi group, regression analysis for years following 1976         was significant at p&lt;.002. Cross correlation analysis was used         to assess causality with result p&lt;.05 indicating TM meditator         rate could successfully predict quality of life changes, but not         vice-versa. The years 1982-1984 studied separately as the Maharishi         Effect index exceeded one due to growth of the MIU TM-Sidhi group.         The Maharishi Effect group could account for 83.2% of the variance         in the quality of life indicator with p&lt;.0002. Testing for the         effect of the group alone over the years 1982-1984 gave a significance         of p&lt;.0001</td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top">-         US quality of life, on a downward slide since 1960, reversed its         trend in 1976 when the percentage of the US population practicing         TM increased significantly.- US quality of life continued           to rise at a rate predicted by the rate of individual practice           of TM together with the size of the MIU TM-Sidhi group.- US quality of life reversed           trends from decline to increase when .4% of the US population           had learned TM in 1976.- Acceleration in quality           of life change without precedent was found from 1982 to 1984 as           the Maharishi Effect index exceeded 1% threshold.- Alternative explanations           such as availability of new technology, change of population distribution,           etc., are ruled out because they cannot predict the changes in           quality of life.- All areas of life are           found to improve simultaneously as a function of the increase           of the Maharishi Effect influence, and the quality of rise was           unique after the 1% threshold was crossed.</td>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="720">
<tbody>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top"></td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top"><strong>Citation</strong></td>
<td width="29%" valign="Top"><strong>Experimental         Design</strong></td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top"><strong>Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
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<td width="3%" valign="Top">46</td>
<td width="25%" valign="Top">Reeks,         D. (1990). Improved Quality of Life in Iowa through the Maharishi         Effect (Doctoral dissertation, Maharishi International University,         1990). <em>Dissertation Abstracts International, 51</em>(12), 6155B.</td>
<td width="29%" valign="Top">Time         series transfer function analysis related the size of the MIU Maharishi         Effect group to monthly rates of unemployment, traffic accidents,         crime and a quality of life index composed of these three over the         years 1979 to 1986 as the group varied in size.</td>
<td width="39%" valign="Top">-         Unemployment fell as group size increased (p&lt;.004).- Crime fell as group size           increased (p&lt;.0001).- Traffic fatalities fell           as group size increased (p&lt;.0001).- Quality of life improved           (p&lt;.006).</td>
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</table>
<div>Note. From "An Investigation     into Field Effects of Consciousness from the Perspectives of Maharishi's     Vedic Science and Physics" (pp. 118-132), by K.W. Kleinschnitz, 1997,     Doctoral Dissertation, Fairfield, IA: Graduate School, Maharishi University     of Management. Copyright 1997 By Kurt Warren Kleinschnitz. Adapted and     enlarged with permission.</p>
<hr /></div>
<h3><a name="APPENDIXBBIOGRAPHICALDATAFORSTRESS"></a> APPENDIX B: BIOGRAPHICAL DATA FOR STRESS STUDY</h3>
<div>(<em>Please print</em> .)Code NumberGenderAgeHeightWeightlbs.Marital StatusNumber of Children Do children     live at home? yes / no (<em>circle </em>)My recurring or chronic medical     problems are:.Past serious illnesses or headinjuries:.I drink hard liquor times per     / day / week / month / year (<em>circle one</em> ).I am now regularly taking the     following drugs (prescription or otherwise), vitamins or herbs:<em>Name of drug, vitamin or herb</em> <em>quantity</em> <em> times per </em>(<em>circle     one</em> )day / week / monthday / week / monthday / week / monthI smoke, chew or dip tobacco     times per / day / week / month / year (<em>circle one</em> ).I drink hard liquor drinks per     / day / week / month / year (<em>circle one</em> ).I drink beer or wine glasses     per / day / week / month / year (<em>circle one</em> ).I drink coffee or tea times per     / day / week / month / year (<em>circle one</em> ).My diet includes red meat times     per / day / week / month / year (<em>circle one</em> ).My diet includes white meat (i.e.,     poultry, fish or pork tenderloin) times per / day / week / month / year     (<em>circle one</em>).I consume milk products times     per / day / week / month / year (<em>circle one</em> ).At present I am exercising vigorously     (i.e., running, biking, swimming) at least per week.I have maintained this frequency     of exercise almost every week for the lastmonths.Do you practice stress-reduction     and/or self-development techniques or programs such as martial arts,     meditation, counseling, etc? yes / no (circle) If yes, list below.<em> Name of technique</em> <em> Approx.     date started                                  How long?                                                                                Still practicing?</em>months / years (<em>circle</em>)                yes / no (<em>circle</em>)months / years (<em>circle</em>)                yes / no (<em>circle</em>)months / years (<em>circle</em>)                yes / no (<em>circle</em>)</p>
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<h3><a name="APPENDIXCOTHER"></a> APPENDIX C: OTHER DOCUMENTATION<a name="Torontohere"></a><img src="http://davidleffler.com/AppendixC1.jpg" alt="" width="524" height="1125" /></h3>
<div>
<hr /><img src="http://davidleffler.com/AppendixC3.jpg" alt="" width="650" height="1031" /></p>
<hr /><img src="http://davidleffler.com/AppendixC4.jpg" alt="" width="650" height="526" /></p>
<hr /><strong>[A copy of the POMS test       does not appear on-line due to copyright restrictions]</strong></div>
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		<description><![CDATA[<a href="http://davidleffler.com/2011/defenceindia/" target="_parent"><img align="right" hspace="5" width="150" src="http://davidleffler.com/images/defence_india_logo.jpg" class="alignright wp-post-image tfe" alt="" title="" /></a>This article appeared in Defence India, June 24, 2002 OPERATION: WORLD PEACE By Maj. Gen. G. H. Israni, VSM and Dr. David R. Leffler Introduction Today we are living in a strife-torn world. Terrorism, wars and conflict are prevalent in many parts of the world. Lives are being lost every day. There appears to be [<a href="http://davidleffler.com/2011/defenceindia/" target="_parent">read more</a>]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This article appeared    in <a href="http://www.defenceindia.com/24-jun-2k2/research.html" target="_blank"><em>Defence    India</em></a>, June 24, 2002</p>
<p><img src="http://davidleffler.com/images/defence_india_logo.jpg" alt="" width="580" height="93" /></p>
<h2>OPERATION:    WORLD PEACE<!-- h2--></p>
<p class="byline">By Maj. Gen. G.    H. Israni, VSM and Dr. David R. Leffler</p>
</h2>
<p>Introduction<!-- h3--></p>
<p>Today we are living    in a strife-torn world. Terrorism, wars and conflict are prevalent in    many parts of the world. Lives are being lost every day. There appears    to be no end to rivalries and conflicts between communities, religious    groups and nations&#8211;big and small. Have people lost the art of living    happy, fulfilled lives?</p>
<p>Living in peace and    perpetual happiness is not only an intrinsic desire, but fervent collective    wish of humankind. Will there ever be an end to terrorism, war and conflict?    Is there a way to reduce collective stress and create peace?</p>
<p>Perhaps. Invincible    Defence Technology, drawn from India&#8217;s Vedic heritage, is awakening, creating    new possibilities. Modern science has validated its effectiveness. It    is just a matter of time before all militaries worldwide will deploy Invincible    Defense Technology as their first line of defence.</p>
<p><span id="more-399"></span>The Twentieth Century    and Elusive Peace<!-- h3--></p>
<p>The twentieth century    was characterized by tremendous strides in scientific and technological    advancements and explorations, including moon landings and space shuttles.    Never before in any of the earlier centuries had advancements in technology    been so rapid and with such far-reaching effects. It was also the century    of the rise and fall of great empires, the end of colonialism, ideological    rivalries, and the creation of international organisations like The League    of Nations and The United Nations Organisation. Two centers of power,    the United States of America (USA) and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics    (USSR), emerged, overshadowing the European powers who had held sway until    the middle of the century. During this century, we engaged in two world    wars, resulting in the mass destruction of cities and great loss of human    lives.</p>
<p>A glimmer of hope    for peace emerged at the end of the last century when the two super powers,    the USA (the head of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) and the USSR    (heading the Warsaw Pact Treaty Organisation) appeared to be coming closer,    in a mood of reconciliation and resolution. However, the hope of bringing    about stability and world peace lasted for only a brief period.</p>
<p>During the arms race    after World War II, the Western economies thrived on production of ever    more lethal and sophisticated weapons, and their counter measures. The    conventional weapons and equipment produced by Western nations found their    way to the peoples of the Third World countries, particularly in Asia,    Africa and Latin America. The armaments and defence-related industries    of the West continued to flood the markets of the Third World with their    sophisticated ware. In return, they received raw materials and petroleum.    Petroleum became so valuable that is was informally called &#8220;black    gold.&#8221; The Arab world used petroleum as an economic weapon and wars    were fought over it.</p>
<p>The eruption of conflicts    in Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Israel, as well as the nations of the Mediterranean    became grim reminders of earlier wars between the Cross and the Crescent.    Despite the various accords, treaties, negotiations and talks, with US    Presidents playing mediator, these rivalries continue with ferocity. Collective    stress is the root cause of all these problems.</p>
<p>&lt; h3&gt;The Champion of    World Peace<!-- h3--></p>
<p>In World War II,    amidst the destruction in Europe, Africa and the Pacific, came an enlightened    spiritual teacher or Rishi. In the Himalayas in India, this sage began    to groom a protégé who would reawaken the world. The Rishi    was His Divinity Swami Brahmananda Saraswati, the respected Shankaracharya    of Jyotir Math.</p>
<p>His Holiness Maharishi    Mahesh Yogi, having received inspiration and blessings from His Divinity    Swami Brahmananda Saraswati, started a worldwide movement to teach the    Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique. He brought out the knowledge    in a non-religious manner. The ultimate aim of this movement was to bring    enlightenment to individuals and peace and invincibility to every nation.</p>
<p>Maharishi&#8217;s goals    are attainable because the TM programme reduces individual stress. This    helps bring about enlightenment. He knew that when large groups practice    the TM programme together, the result was less collective stress in society.    Hence, less tension, fewer conflicts, less strife, and less war.</p>
<p>Over almost 50 years,    the Transcendental Meditation movement grew into a global community. It    encompassed people from many religions and cultures, and many walks of    life, including prominent scientists, doctors, lawyers, politicians, actors,    musicians, and other celebrities. Inspired by the personal and spiritual    benefits gained from the regular practice of the TM programme, they began    to propagate Maharishi&#8217;s revival of this human resource-based technology    of peace.</p>
<p>Before Maharishi    systematically revived ancient Vedic knowledge, it was mostly confined    to a select few in India. Maharishi revealed that it was possible for    every individual to be happy and enlightened. In his simple, lucid and    jovial style, he explained that beyond the familiar states of consciousness    of waking, dreaming and sleeping, there are four advanced stages of human    development. These higher states of consciousness are Transcendental Consciousness,    Cosmic Consciousness, God Consciousness and Unity Consciousness. Each    higher state brings a new dimension of experience, knowledge and fulfillment.</p>
<p>Maharishi’s Invincible Defence Technology for World Peace<!-- h3--></p>
<p>The point of Invincible    Defense Technology is to prevent an enemy from arising. Without enemies,    everyone wins. This is why the technology is invincible.</p>
<p>The modern inquisitive    mind, particularly in the West, abhors blind faith and seeks scientific    explanation for every phenomena. For this reason, advocates of the TM    technique and related programmes undertook scientific enquiry. Today,    there hundreds of scientific studies validating these programmes as a    viable solution to the difficult problems faced by today&#8217;s leaders in    the areas of defence, government, health, business, and education. (For    more information on this research, see <a href="#authornote">Authors&#8217;    Note</a>.)</p>
<p>This research backed    up Maharishi&#8217;s specific formulas for creating peace. Maharishi predicted    that if 1% of a population (for instance, a city) practiced the TM programme,    peace and harmony would increase throughout the city. Additionally, he    anticipated the same result if the square root of 1% of a population (such    as a country) practiced the more advanced TM-Sidhi programme in a group.    Many of these scientific studies found that social indicators, such as    acts of terrorism, war deaths, war injuries, conflict levels and crime    rates, showed improvement when enough people meditated.</p>
<p>Scientists have discovered    that the level of super-unification described in quantum unified field    theory was explained thousands of years ago in the part of the Vedic literature    that describes the Laws of Nature. In Vedic language, this Unified Field    is expressed as “Parame Vyoman”&#8211;pure transcendental consciousness,    fully awake within itself. It is transcendental to space and time. This    is why it is invincible, everywhere, and exists for all time. This is    where Maharishi’s Vedic Technology of Invincible Defence performs.    The results appear in our physical world.</p>
<p>&lt; h3&gt;Maharishi Alerts the World<!-- h3--></p>
<p>Even after the USA-USSR    reconciliation in the nineteen-nineties, Maharishi warned that unless    the strong nations of the world deployed Invincible Defence Technology,    the beginning of the twenty-first century would spell doom for the world,    which may result in fierce conflicts without any resolution. An announcement    was made to the world press that a global war was hanging over our heads.    The world&#8217;s leaders were requested to create an Endowment Fund to support    a permanent group of peace creators. Their duty would be to practice Invincible    Defence Technology to ward off the large danger that was looming. A few    extracts from the announcement that appeared on April 12, 1999 in the    <em>Wall Street Journal, International Herald Tribune</em> and <em>The Financial    Times of London</em> are below:</p>
<blockquote><p>Today the UN has      become a laughing stock, failing everywhere and is ignored. So NATO      has attempted to control the Yugoslavian situation with violence. But      its bombardment has intensified the disaster and created a new bloody      history of the world. World Peace is now in the hands of those with      a power to destroy&#8230;It has set an example to every nation in the world&#8211;if      you don’t like another country and they won’t obey you, then      bomb them and destroy them…Now bombardment can happen to any country      any time…Therefore, can we wait even a single moment to establish      world peace?</p>
<p>What is happening      in Yugoslavia can happen to any nation any time. Can you imagine if      bombs began to fall on Washington DC and to destroy the high rises of      the money markets of New York? Will NATO be able to prevent this? When      this happens it will be beyond the power of the wealthy to save the      situation.</p>
<p>Peace can only      be created by taking recourse to Natural Law&#8211;to create a powerful influence      of coherence inside and outside of any country with a group of experts      in the Technology of Natural Law (such as Transcendental Meditation      and Yogic Flying).</p>
<p>This approach will      create such an integrated and harmonious world consciousness that violent      thoughts will simply not arise, and there will be permanent world peace.</p></blockquote>
<p>&lt; h3&gt;September 11, and December 13, 2001<!-- h3--></p>
<p>Unfortunately, the    powerful nations of the world did not heed the appeal. Despite the lukewarm    response to his appeals, Maharishi kept up the tempo and sent emissaries    to world leaders, urging them to act on his proposal. One such emissary    was Maj. Gen. (Dr.) Kulwant Singh&#8211;a highly decorated, educated and honoured    retired Indian Army terrorism expert. He was sent to the USA, the most    powerful nation of the world, to warn leaders that no Missile Defence    Shield could totally protect its citizens. Dr. Singh once again offered    Maharishi&#8217;s scientifically-validated Invincible Defence Technology as    a means avert the danger that had not yet come.</p>
<p>It is interesting    to note that on 10th September, after a press release of 5th September,    the General appealed to USA leaders to deploy Invincible Defence Technology.    On September 11, just minutes before General Singh was to address a press    conference in Washington, DC, the terrorist attacks against New York and    Washington, DC, were unleashed.</p>
<p>Maharishi was also    concerned for the country of his birth. India&#8217;s collective stress was    also rising to a dangerous level. He dispatched a high-powered delegation    comprised of senior political leader, a respected Canadian citizen, senior    retired generals and prominent businessmen to approach governmental leaders.    In October 2001, this delegation met with senior Indian ministers to advocate    immediately organizing 40,000 pundits to perform a Yagya. The goal of    deploying this powerful Vedic technology was reduce quickly reduce India&#8217;s    dangerous level collective stress. Reducing this stress would not only    to ward off trouble brewing in India, but also to ensure the safety of    people everywhere in the world. Due to previous successes using Vedic    technologies in other places in the world, philanthropists in Western    countries promised to help financially with this endeavor.</p>
<p>Privately, the concerned    ministers saw the rationale and were convinced of the efficacy of the    prevention strategy. Unfortunately, due to political considerations, they    declined the generous offer. Soon the biggest democracy in the world suffered    an attack on their parliament house. This was followed by violence in    Gujrat in December of 2001. The internal situation in both India and Pakistan    deteriorated. Havoc reigned even in the normally peaceful state of Nepal.</p>
<p>&lt; h3&gt;The World Situation Today<!-- h3--></p>
<p>Although the USA    was the world&#8217;s most powerful nation as the twentieth century ended, it    was humbled at the start of the twenty-first century. The situation throughout    the world is far from being peaceful. At the time of this writing:</p>
<ul>
<li>Osama bin Laden      is still at large, while the country where he is thought to be hiding      struggles to recover from the after-effects of bombing by the nation      whose pride had been hurt.</li>
<li>Al Qaeda is still      a force to reckon with. America is still militarily involved with Afghanistan      and Al Qaeda terrorist cells apparently operate in many other countries.</li>
<li>There is no peace      in South Asia. Tensions between India and Pakistan still rise and fall.      Turmoil continues in Nepal. The shadow of terrorism spreads beyond the      northern states of India.</li>
<li>Palestinian-Arab-Israel      reconciliation is but a distant dream.</li>
<li>The war against      terrorism started by the powerful Western nations shows little results      as terrorists continue to strike at will, whenever and wherever they      wish.</li>
<li>Poverty and sickness      are rampant in the Balkans.</li>
<li>Nuclear, chemical      and biological terrorism may soon rear their ugly heads.</li>
</ul>
<p>&lt; h3&gt;Time to Take Action<!-- h3--></p>
<p>It is now time for    the nations of the world to immediately create permanent world peace.    Terrorist continue to multiply. Defence experts predict that it is just    a matter of time before they attack with powerful weapons of mass destruction.    For this reason, it is too dangerous to continue to live in a strife torn    world with conflicts continuing in South Asia, the Middle East, Yugoslavia    and Africa.</p>
<p>Terrorism cannot    be eliminated by destroying the terrorists. Any step in the direction    of destruction only helps to create more terrorists. More terrorists only    results in more waves of destruction. There is no wisdom in initiating    a continuous theme of destruction in the name of protection. Prudence    dictates eliminating the underlying cause of terrorism, war and all types    of violence—collective social stress.</p>
<p>&lt; h3&gt;Relentless Efforts Continue<!-- h3--></p>
<p>There is enough proof    that the persistent problems faced by governments could have been prevented    had the governments deployed Invincible Defense Technology. Unfortunately,    history shows that, generally, leaders are slow to adopt new promising    military technologies. For this reason, and also due to the precarious    situations outlined above, Maharishi created a Global Country of World    Peace. (GCWP). The GCWP mobilized wealthy philanthropists worldwide to    pledge $100 million to quickly deploy Invincible Defence Technology in    India. Hopefully, this coherence creating group will be fully operational    soon.</p>
<p>However, while the    authors salute the noble efforts of these wise and charitable individuals,    they feel that India should not depend on the charity of others in the    future. India is a strong and respected nation. The citizens of India    are already taxed in order to pay their military to protect them. Since    ancient times, it has been the duty of the kshatriyas to defend the nation.    To accomplish their noble duty, India&#8217;s warriors should have the best    technology available. Extensive scientific research and previous experience    show that Invincible Defence Technology is the best way to reduce war    and terrorism by preventing enemies from arising.</p>
<p>Maharishi proposes    that every country in the world employ members of their militaries to    practice his programs for peace. A Prevention Wing of the Military would    use only about 2% to 3% of the armed forces of India, leaving the remaining    military personnel to carry on their regular duties.</p>
<p>&lt; h3&gt;Conclusion<!-- h3--></p>
<p>The USA has the largest    defence budget in the world. Despite this, it could not prevent the attacks    of 11 Sept 01. The humbling of the USA is a grim indicator that continuing    to use only conventional, weapons-based approaches will not end negativity    and create world peace. The time is ripe to adopt a new approach. As Maharishi    says: “Only a new seed will yield a new crop. Only a new philosophy    and new efforts based on new knowledge will fulfill the age old dream    of the wise for prevention of crime, terrorism and wars and maintenance    of world peace on a permanent basis.”</p>
<p>Let us not waste    any more time. Let us not forget that the USA and India could have prevented    what happened on 11th September and 13th December, had they acted on the    fervent appeals to deploy Invincible Defence Technology. India must act    quickly.</p>
<p><a name="authornote"></a><strong>Authors&#8217;    Note</strong>: There are many published studies about the principle component    of Invincible Defence Technology. For military readers, the authors recommend    two academic papers that summarize much of this research. These papers    are available on-line at the <em><a href="http://www.subcontinent.com/sapra/research/military/m_1999_05_01.html" target="_blank">Security    and Political Risk Analysis Bulletin (SAPRA)</a></em> and <em><a href="http://www.indiadefence.com/SupremeMilitaryi.htm" target="_blank">Indian    Defence Consultants</a> </em>websites. Other articles appeared in <em>Defense    Review, Indian Defence Review</em>, and <em>Indian Strategic Review</em>.    Links to these articles are available at: <a href="http://www.davidleffler.com">.</a></p>
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<td width="502"><strong>Major    General G.H. Israni</strong> received his MBA from Poona University and his    M.Sc. in Defense Studies from Madras University. A forty-year member of    the Indian military, he was awarded the Vishist Seva Medal for distinguished    service. Major General Israni has served as a General Officer commanding    the Mountain Division, and as the Provost Marshal of Army Headquarters    in New Delhi. Currently, he is the Commandant of one of India&#8217;s premier    military training institutions, the Officers&#8217; Training Academy. He also    edits <em>Combat Journal</em>, the professional magazine of the Indian Army.    Major General Israni lives in Pune, India.</td>
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<td width="88" align="center" valign="top"><img src="http://davidleffler.com/davids.jpg" border="1" alt="" width="81" height="90" align="left" /></td>
<td width="502"><strong>Dr.    David Leffler</strong> received his Ph.D. on the topic of Invincible Defence    Technology from Union Institute &amp; University. His other academic degrees    include: a B.A. in Education, an M.A. in the Science of Creative Intelligence    from Maharishi University of Management and an M.M. in Education from    New Mexico State University. He was a member of the U.S. Air Force for    eight years. Dr. Leffler serves as a Peer Member at The Union Institute    and is a member of the U.S. Naval Institute. He has given presentations    on Invincible Defence Technology at the Russian Air Force Academy, the    Russian Academy of Sciences, and defense-related institutions in the United    States. Dr. Leffler lives in Wappingers Falls, New York, USA.</td>
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		<title>Homeland Security With Unified Field-Based Defence Technology</title>
		<link>http://davidleffler.com/2011/defence_india_homeland_security/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 23 May 2011 21:19:25 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<a href="http://davidleffler.com/2011/defence_india_homeland_security/" target="_parent"><img align="right" hspace="5" width="150" src="http://davidleffler.com/images/defence_india_logo.jpg" class="alignright wp-post-image tfe" alt="" title="" /></a>This article appeared in Defence India, November 28, 2004. Homeland Security With Unified Field-Based Defence Technology Authors: Maj. Gen. (Retd) Kulwant Singh, Ph.D., U.Y.S.M. Director General, Maharishi Invincible Defence Programme New Delhi, India Col. Brian Rees, M.D., M.P.H. Medical Corps, U.S. Army Reserve 349th General Hospital, Los Angeles, California Michael Larrass, Ph.D. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [<a href="http://davidleffler.com/2011/defence_india_homeland_security/" target="_parent">read more</a>]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This article appeared in <a href="http://www.defenceindia.com/defenceind/research.html" target="_blank"><em>Defence India</em></a>, November 28, 2004.<img src="http://davidleffler.com/images/defence_india_logo.jpg" alt="" width="580" height="93" /></p>
<h2><a name="_authors"></a>Homeland Security With Unified Field-Based Defence Technology</h2>
<p><strong>Authors:</strong><strong></p>
<p>Maj. Gen. (Retd) Kulwant Singh, Ph.D., U.Y.S.M.</strong><em> Director General, Maharishi Invincible Defence Programme New Delhi, India </em><strong></p>
<p>Col. Brian Rees, M.D., M.P.H.</strong><em> Medical Corps, U.S. Army Reserve 349th General Hospital, Los Angeles, California<strong> </strong></em><strong></p>
<p>Michael Larrass, Ph.D.</strong><em> Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</em><strong></p>
<p>David R. Leffler, Ph.D. </strong><em>Center for Advanced Military Science (CAMS)</em><em> Fairfield, Iowa, USA</em></p>
<h3>Abstract</h3>
<p>The availability of weapons of mass destruction makes today&#8217;s terrorism a danger of unprecedented magnitude. Enemies are motivated by dynamics that are beyond the ability of diplomatic and economic muscle to control. Military leaders can count on armed forces to prevail against the opposition on the battlefield. However, ultimately, military retaliation alone will not likely create the ideal level of Homeland Security or safeguard human rights in the community of nations. True sustained victory in the war on terrorism will require that the military adapt in many ways. Modern physics has discovered, the Unified Field, a fundamental field of pure intelligence containing in seed form all the manifest states of the universe. Human consciousness, at its basis, is also a field of pure intelligence which contains in seed form all the manifest states of thought, feeling, identify, and perception. These properties of pure intelligence, simultaneously both that of the objective unified field and that of human consciousness can be experienced when the awareness of the observer becomes refined during the practice of the Transcendental Meditation<a href="#ednref1">®</a> (TM®) and TM-Sidhi® programmes. The experience of the Unified Field is made possible through attaining a psychophysiological state that reproduces the properties of the field in the observer: highly correlated, unified, self-referral, and integrative. The development of these qualities is not obtained through behavioral or intellectual training, but occurs spontaneously by cultivating a state of least excitation of the nervous system. The unique results of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programmes have been documented in over 600 research studies, many of them published in scientific journals. Perhaps the most interesting of these findings are the reports, numbering over 50, that a small group of people the size of a typical military unit can radiate an unseen influence of orderliness into the surrounding society. Use of this holistic consciousness technology will enable any military to set up an ongoing Conflict Prevention Operation through a Prevention Wing of the Military. One unit would engage in group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programmes to radiate dynamic peacefulness as the basis for impenetrable, non-aggressive defence and constructive peacebuilding without political, economic or cultural bias.</p>
<h3><span id="more-395"></span>Contents</h3>
<p><a href="#preface">Preface</a><a href="#physics"> The Physics Behind the Unified Field-Based Defence</a><a href="#leap"> A Sociological Quantum Leap</a><a href="#approach"> The Transcendental Two-Pronged Approach </a><a href="#ideal">Living Up to the Vedic Ideal of Homeland Security</a><a href="#conclusion"> Conclusion</a><a href="#about"> About the Authors </a><a href="#acknowledgements">Acknowledgments</a><a href="#bibliography">Bibliography</a><a href="#endnotes"> End Notes</a><a name="preface"></a></p>
<h3>Preface</h3>
<p>The opening paragraph of the Government of India&#8217;s Ministry of Defence Annual Report 2000-2001 stated:</p>
<blockquote><p>In the emerging global environment, India has adopted a more comprehensive approach to security, encompassing economic strength, internal cohesion and technological progress. However, given the security challenges confronting the country, India will need to maintain a desired level of military strength and preparedness to deter any aggression and to enable India to contribute positively to the promotion of peace and stability in the region.<a name="_ednref2" href="#ednref2">[i]</a></p></blockquote>
<p>Although this goal was formulated four years ago, India has yet to realize it. The challenge of defending India in an increasingly complex operations arena calls for fundamental innovation. If the Ministry of Defence of India (MoD) is to achieve its new ends, which are of a different order of magnitude, an equally momentous shift in the choice of the means will be required. If old tools no longer suit the task, coating them with paint of a different colour will not help. In the same way, India needs new tools, not new coats of paint, to create a stable defence. The human resource-based approach of Unified Field-Based Defence is intended to add vital new tools to India&#8217;s &#8220;more comprehensive approach.&#8221;These vital tools are the Transcendental Meditation programme and its advanced practice, the TM-Sidhi programme. The TM programme is a simple, easily learned, non-religious meditation technique. Physicist and Vedic scholar Maharishi Mahesh Yogi revived these programmes from India&#8217;s ancient Vedic tradition. Over 600 scientific studies at scientific research institutions all over the world have been conducted on these programmes. This extensive research indicates that these programmes eliminate stress individually and collectively.</p>
<p><a name="_ednref3" href="#ednref3">[ii]</a>Modern technology has helped all militaries to become more lethally effective and efficient. Though the military has many new technological tools, recent terrorist attacks show that they cannot guarantee safety. If military leaders are to truly find new solutions, they must start looking beyond the mere refinement and extension of existing technologies, and explore new tools. Specifically, India could benefit from looking into advanced, human resource-based technologies such as Unified Field-Based Defence Technology (also known as Consciousness-Based Defence Technology and Invincible Defence Technology). There is research on Unified Field-Based Defence Technology in the field of conflict reduction that shows great promise. But it requires that some leaders make a quantum leap as big as the United States did when developing the atomic bomb. This paper will introduce an approach that has held up under rigorous scientific evaluation and field tests by other militaries. The Unified Field technology is intended to provide vital new tools to the MoD of India and give it the necessary leverage to operate in an increasingly complex world.<a name="physics"></a></p>
<h3>The Physics Behind Unified Field-Based Defence</h3>
<p>At the end of the 19th century, physicists and chemists had a rudimentary understanding of the <em>atom</em> (from Greek &#8220;<em>a-tomos</em>&#8221; = in-divisible). They understood atoms to be the building blocks of matter. However, in the first quarter of the twentieth century, physics began the quantum revolution. This leap revealed, as if through a magical portal, a bizarre new landscape of subatomic particles, fields, and the relationships. By midcentury physicists had developed the technology of the atomic bomb. The technologies arising out the physics of the first half of the twentieth century are the technologies we see employed in today&#8217;s militaries. But, while physics has enjoyed rapid progress in the past half century, culminating in the articulation of a unified field at the basis of all existence, this progress has yet to be translated into defence technology. However, in the past quarter century one unified field technology has emerged and demonstrates remarkable promise.</p>
<p>Many nations now have the atomic bomb. But the power of a military organization depends on much more than an atomic armory. Many analysts believe that even terrorists may soon use nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction. An effective defence against nuclear weaponry requires a more profound technology. Dwelling on obsolete technologies can&#8217;t prevent attack. India&#8217;s civilian and military leaders can immediately deploy an even more powerful and influential technology based on the physics of today. India now needs something comparable to the Manhattan Project that led to the creation and deployment of the nuclear arsenal. What is the nature of this leap?</p>
<p>When scientists deal with the finest level of physical existence, the unified field, they actually deal with an a field intrinsically both objective and subjective. A basic, but generally ignored, fact is that physicists themselves are made of or structured by molecules, atoms, subatomic particles, gauge fields, and the unified field. When scientists investigate these levels, they eventually begin to explore the basic fabrics of their own physical being down to the finest subnuclear level &#8211; the unified field, an area of unlimited potential.Today&#8217;s physicists say that the matter of our body is constantly emerging from and returning to that unified field. Leading theoretical physicists go as far as to claim that the unified field is a non-material field of pure intelligence.<a href="#ednref4">[iii]</a> These physicists assert that modern science had opened access to a new objective reality. Maharishi and other scientists take this one step further &#8211; they have conclusively demonstrated that the consciousness technologies of the Vedic tradition, in particular the Transcendental Meditation programme and its advanced practice, the TM-Sidhi programme, provide the subjective experience of the unified field. The unified field, although intellectually conceived as underlying all of creation, is now open to direct, subjective experience.</p>
<p>Maharishi and other scientists benefited from the leap in world consciousness to a new readiness for authentic experience in the early 60&#8242;s. Hiroshima was the climax of the half-vision of the quantum scientists. In the 1970&#8242;s, Maharishi felt the time was ripe to speak of dropping &#8220;bombs of silence behind the enemy lines. &#8220;A description of the unified field may be intellectually stimulating, but has little other direct impact on a person. On the other hand, the authentic experience of the field of pure consciousness creates a distinct mode of physiological and mental functioning. In this state, one finds a measurable easing of stress in mind and body, accompanied by a heightened level of alertness. It is this alertness-enhancing potential of the Transcendental Meditation programme and its advanced practice, the TM-Sidhi programme, which will enable the MoD to create a new evolutionary dimension of conflict resolution and prevention. Not only will military personnel be more effective militarily, they will also radiate an influence of peace into the surrounding population making it difficult for disorder and disruption to continue. They can win the war without fighting. Long ago humanity passed the nuclear cross-roads. We now find ourselves at a new crossroads. The choice: escalate the antiquated technologies, or step onto a new path where a unified field technology creates a coherent and unifying influence, first in the individual mind and then automatically in collective consciousness, disallowing an enemy from arising. Research on the Maharishi Effect (discussed below) has shown this approach to be a very useful one.<a name="leap"></a></p>
<h3>A Sociological Quantum Leap</h3>
<p>In 1974, the American sociologists Borland and Landrith <a href="#ednref6">[v]</a> published a research paper in the United States on the effects of group meditation on collective consciousness. They claimed that in communities in which 1% of the population practiced the Transcendental Meditation technique, negative trends such as crime, traffic accidents, and hospital admissions decreased.<a href="#ednref7">[vi]</a> On a larger scale, this was confirmed in the following years by research in war zones.<a href="#ednref8">[vii]</a> The phenomenon was called the 1% Effect or the Maharishi Effect after the founder of the Transcendental Meditation programme who predicted such effects long before they were objectively studied. This trigger effect of small numbers is familiar to several branches of science: medicine, which acknowledges pacemaker cells that compose about 1% of an organism and assure the coherent contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles; and physics, where about 1% of phase-coherent light waves causes the random fluctuations of ordinary light to fall &#8220;in step&#8221; and produce the laser effect.Unified Field-Based Defence Technology consisting of the Transcendental Meditation programme and its advanced practice, the TM-Sidhi programme, has been tried out in many war zones and conflict-prone areas with excellent results; the success has been <a href="http://www.davidleffler.com/sapraalternative.html" target="_blank">scientifically validated and documented</a> in over 50 studies.</p>
<p>A landmark study just published in the <a href="http://www.haworthpress.com/store/toc/htmv/J076v36n01_TOC.htm?sid=JGELTLNRQ74G8PSTN9TDBWE3SXNK1LN5&amp; target="><em>Journal of Offender Rehabilitation</em></a> shows a 72% reduction in international terrorism (<em>p</em>&lt;.025) when the proper threshold of people practicing Unified Field-Based Defence Technology was reached. These assemblies were held during the years 1983-1985. This study investigated the effects of three large assemblies approaching the Maharishi Effect threshold for the world at this time. (<em>n</em>=7,000). Time series analysis was used in conjunction with the content analysis of world-wide news events reported in the <em>New York Times</em> and <em>London Times</em>. The Rand Corporation data bank was used to study international conflict (<em>p</em>&lt;.025, <em>p</em>&lt;.005 and <em>p</em>&lt;.01 for each of the three assemblies) and terrorism (<em>p</em>&lt;.025). The study also revealed that international conflict decreased 33% (<em>p</em>&lt;.025). Analysis of the data indicates that the Maharishi Effect had a rapid onset that influenced trends from distances of thousands of miles and more importantly that violence was reduced in other nations without the overt intrusion by any governments.<a name="approach"></a></p>
<h3>The Transcendental Two-Pronged Approach</h3>
<p>Two-pronged battle plans have a long history in the art of war. The battle against war and terrorism could likely be won in exactly the same way:</p>
<ul type="disc">
<li> On a tactical level, military personnel instructed in the simple technique of Transcendental Meditation in the course of their general training <a href="#ednref9">[viii]</a> can be deployed without any additional logistics. The immediate effect would be improved mental and physical stability, increased alertness and clarity of mind, and enhanced social intelligence of the &#8220;front line&#8221; personnel. (A paper summarizing research that documents such individual benefits is available at: <a href="http://www.invinciblemilitary.org/articles/idc1.html" target="_blank">http://www.invinciblemilitary.org/articles/idc1.html</a>.)</li>
<li>On a strategic level, a global peacebuilding force called a Prevention Wing of the Military would be established in India. This group would be comprised of approximately 10,000 <a href="#ednref10">[ix]</a> participants to be recruited from existing meditating military personnel, who would receive additional training in the TM-Sidhi programme. Performing the group dynamics of consciousness twice a day in a group, in one location, this group would produce a coherence-enhancing field effect not only in the India, but also for the world&#8217;s collective consciousness as a whole, preventing the accumulation of disorderly and weakening tendencies that destabilize national integrity and invite foreign aggression and/or policing. <a href="#ednref11">[x]</a> 10,000 participants are well over the square root of 1% of the world&#8217;s population, which should induce the Maharishi Effect worldwide.</li>
</ul>
<p>The additional cost for introducing the Transcendental Meditation Programme is approximately 250 India rupees per person, and an additional 650 rupees per person for the TM-Sidhi Programme. This means approximately 9 million India rupees for teaching the entire group. But even at that relatively small cost, one should ask the question: What precisely can the MoD of India expect from this technology?The results predicted on the basis of reduced trait anxiety, greater acuity of perception and more comprehensive cognition, increased field independence and stronger internal standards <a href="#ednref12">[xi]</a> are:</p>
<ul type="disc">
<li>Significantly improved listening skills, leading to:</li>
<li>More comprehensive decision-making, leading to:</li>
<li>Enhanced cooperation with former adversaries, leading to:</li>
<li>Improved cultural communication, and</li>
<li>Trouble-free multi-purpose deployment of resources.</li>
</ul>
<p>Improved listening skills alone will have enormous consequences in all areas of the armed forces and even on a national level. Should the technology be implemented, then whenever military, trade, or policy strategists are invited to describe the India&#8217;s new success, the answer will invariably be that it leaders have learned to listen, react, and cooperate in harmony.The government of India draws its decisions from the collective consciousness. The more coherent the collective consciousness, the more coherent the government. Rather than always being called in to &#8220;clean up the mess&#8221; produced by the accumulation of disorder and weakness in the social body, the Indian military would enjoy a role similar to that of a pacemaker cell introducing an influence of order into their nation and triggering a positive feedback loop.<a name="ideal"></a></p>
<h3>Living Up to the Vedic Ideal of Homeland Security</h3>
<p>India gave birth to the much adored and emulated Mahatma Gandhi, who sparked a worldwide non-violence movement. This is the moment for India to achieve a higher ideal: victory before war by averting the danger that has not yet come &#8211; <em><a href="http://www.davidleffler.com/doctoraldissertation.html#3ExamplesofCollectiveConsciousness" target="_blank">Heyam duhkham anagatam</a></em>. She could prevent an enemies from arising. India&#8217;s Vedic heritage holds the key to world peace, and India is the perfect country to revive it.<a name="conclusion"></a></p>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The study of history reveals that promoters of innovations have one common trait: they flush the enemy of all armies out of its cover. The greatest threat to all militaries is the enemy within. The enemy within is the belief that greater quantities of known material or the intensification of established methods will result in victory. &#8220;Victory&#8221;, wrote General Giulio Douhet in his then groundbreaking book on aerial warfare, <em>The Command of the Air</em>, &#8220;smiles upon those who anticipate the change in the character of war, not upon those who wait to adapt themselves after the changes occur.&#8221; <a href="#ednref14">[xii]</a> The Stone Age did not come to an end because of the lack of stones, but because something better entered the field of our awareness. If the MoD acts now, the same will happen to the Age of Terrorism.Modern science, in its indomitable quest to find the ultimate reality of existence, has made a albeit theoretical, discovery: the unified field is that reality of life was cognized by the ancient Vedic experts. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, in his approach of integrating modern science and Vedic science, has introduced the practical technologies of the Transcendental Meditation programme and its advanced practice, the TM-Sidhi programme.</p>
<p>Opening up to this new integrating approach is not a step back in evolution. Rather, it is a culminating event both in the history of civilian and military evolution. The military of India will now have the tool to create victory before war. <strong><em>India&#8217;s military will achieve peace not by becoming a flower-wielding pacifist; rather, it will </em></strong><strong><em>become invincible by adopting a technology that improves mental and physical alertness.</em></strong>&#8216;Through Unified Field-Based Defence Technology, consisting of the Transcendental Meditation programme and its advanced practice, the TM-Sidhi programme, the India now has the opportunity to reinforce its strategy of defeating enemies by making them friends. The past half-century has shown the that true friends cannot be won by material alone. There is something else. Given the global long-term vision of India, no other strategy to achieve Homeland Security will match Unified Field-Based Defence Technology.<a name="about"></a></p>
<h3>About the authors:</h3>
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<td width="22%" align="center" valign="middle"><img src="http://davidleffler.com/singh.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="227" /></td>
<td width="78%"><strong>Maj. Gen. (Dr.) Kulwant Singh</strong>, U.Y.S.M., (Retd) received his Ph.D. and M.Sc. in Defence Studies from Chennai University. He also has a postgraduate diploma in Human Resource Development from Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) in New Delhi. Dr. Singh has a postgraduate diploma in Management from the Regional College of Management and Technology (RCMT). He qualified for the prestigious Higher Command Course at College of Combat and is a graduate of the Defence Service Staff College. He fought in combat and led India&#8217;s fight against India&#8217;s intransigent terrorism problem for nearly 30 years. Maj. Gen. Singh was awarded the <em>Uttam Yudh Sewa</em> Medal, the second highest decoration for senior officers during operations in Sri Lanka as part of IPKF (Indian Peace Keeping Force). Today he is leading an international group of generals and defence experts that advocates Unified Field-Based Defence Technology. Dr. Singh lives in New Delhi, India.Please see article entitled <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080518042841/http://www.usmedicine.com/article.cfm?articleID=278&amp;issueID=31" target="_blank">Invincible Defense Technology Proposed As Homeland Defense</a> published in <em>U.S. Medicine</em>, a major national magazine for health professionals based in Washington, DC.The article describes Major General Singh&#8217;s press conference at the National Press Club on the morning of 9/11/01. He and other scientists advocated deployment of Invincible Defense Technology. He said &#8220;I think with all of this [terrorism] today, America needs a new approach to protection.&#8221;</td>
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<td width="22%" align="center" valign="middle"><img src="http://davidleffler.com/images/rees.jpg" alt="" width="153" height="159" /></td>
<td width="78%"><strong>Colonel Brian M. Rees, M.D., M.P.H</strong>., Medical Corps, U.S. Army Reserve, is a graduate of the Army Command and General Staff College. He has 28 years of commissioned military service. Col. Rees is the commander of the 349th General Hospital, headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Currently, Dr. Rees is serving on active duty and is deployed in Germany. He is a member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) and the American Legion. Dr. Rees is a board certified family physician who received his medical degree and master&#8217;s degree in public health from Tulane University. He has taught the Transcendental Meditation programme and researched deployment of technologies of consciousness for reduction of violent conflict. Col. Rees builds a case for using these human resource-based technologies to prevent terrorism and war is his second book <em><a href="http://www2.xlibris.com/bookstore/bookdisplay.asp?bookid=17265" target="_blank">Terrorism, Retaliation and Victory: Awaken the Soul of America to Defeat Terrorism Without Casualties</a></em>. His first book, <em>Heal Your Self, Heal Your World</em>, is on the topic of Ayurvedic medicine. Dr. Rees was also featured in the 05 April 04 issue of <em>Stars and Stripes</em>. Please read &#8220;<a href="http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&amp;article=21417" target="_blank">Army Doctor Proactive in Trying to Keep Patients and Society Healthy</a>.&#8221;<strong>[Editor's Note: </strong>Since this paper was published, Col. Rees has graduated from the US Army War College. He completed his final research paper there on the topic of Unified Field Based Defense entitled, "<a href="http://invinciblemilitary.org/rees/Col_Rees_Masters_Paper.htm" target="_blank">The Application of Strategic Stress Management in Winning the Peace</a>." (<a href="http://www.invinciblemilitary.org/rees/Col_Rees_espanol.htm">Read it in Spanish</a> or <a href="http://invinciblemilitary.org/rees/Col_Rees_Masters_Paper.htm">English</a>]</td>
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<td width="22%" align="center" valign="middle"><img src="http://davidleffler.com/images/larrass.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="226" /></td>
<td width="78%"><strong>Dr. Michael Larrass</strong> received his Ph.D. from Heidelberg University (Germany) where he did his doctoral research on the topic of the relationship between literature and the evolution of collective consciousness. He lived in France for 11 years teaching at different schools of commerce and management. He then moved to Germany where he worked as a promoter in the field of personal and corporate health. Michael was co-organizer of Germany&#8217;s Social Phase Transition Stability Program (SATTWA) from 15/09/1989 &#8211; 15/03/1990 during the reintegration of East and West Germany. At present, he operates a translation company in Ottawa, Canada.</td>
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<td width="22%" align="center" valign="middle"><img src="http://davidleffler.com/dleffler.jpg" alt="" width="154" height="191" /></td>
<td width="78%"><strong>Dr. David R. Leffler</strong> received his Ph.D. on the topic of Unified Field-Based Defence Technology from Union Institute &amp; University. His other academic degrees include: a B.A. in Education, an M.A. in the Science of Creative Intelligence from Maharishi University of Management and an M.M. in Education from New Mexico State University. He was a member of the U.S. Air Force for eight years. He is the Acting Director, and a founding member of, the <a href="http://istpp.org/military_science/" target="_blank">Center for Advanced Military Science</a> (CAMS) at Maharishi University of Management. He also serves as a Peer Member at The Union Institute and is a member of the U.S. Naval Institute. Dr. Leffler has given presentations on Unified Field-Based Defence Technology at the Russian Air Force Academy, the Russian Academy of Sciences, and defence-related institutions in the United States. Dr. Leffler lives in Wappingers Falls, New York, USA.</td>
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<p>Articles about Unified Field-Based Defence Technology, published in <em>Defence India, Defence Review, Indian Armed Forces, Indian Defence Consultants, Indian Defence Review, Indian Strategic Review</em>, and <em>Security and Political Risk Analysis (SAPRA) Bulletin</em>, are available at: <a href="http://www.invinciblemilitary.org" target="_blank">http://www.invinciblemilitary.org</a> and <a href="http://www.davidleffler.com" target="_blank">http://www.davidleffler.com</a> A paper published by the <em>Security And Political Risk Analysis (SAPRA)</em> defence think tank summarizing Maharishi Effect research is available at: <a href="http://www.invinciblemilitary.org/articles/sapraalternative.html">http://www.invinciblemilitary.org/articles/sapraalternative.html</a><a name="acknowledgements"></a></p>
<h3>Acknowledgments</h3>
<p>The authors very much appreciate Dr. R. I. Sujith, Dr. Michael C. Dillbeck, Dr. Kenneth Walton, Dr. Kurt Kleinschnitz, and Mrs. Lee M. Leffler for their contributions to this paper.<a name="bibliography"></a></p>
<h3>Bibliography</h3>
<p>Alexander, C.N. &amp; Boyer, R.W. (1989). Seven states of consciousness. <em>Modern Science and Vedic Science</em>, <em>2</em>(4), 325-371.Arenander, A. (2000). Total Brain Functioning: How to Unfold the Full Potential of Every Student. Presented at the Learning and the Brain 2000 Conference. Boston, MA: April 30, 2000.</p>
<p>Borland, C., Landrith, G. S. III. (1977). Improved quality of city life through the Transcendental Meditation program: Decreased crime rate. In D. W. Orme-Johnson, J. T. Farrow, (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 1, 639-651). Vlodrop, The Netherlands, Maharishi Vedic University Press.Chrousos, G.P., &amp; Gold, P.W. (1992). The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. <em>Journal of the American Medical Association</em>, <em>267</em>, 1244-1252.</p>
<p>Goodman, R.S. (1997). The Maharishi Effect and government: Effects of a National Demonstration Project and a permanent group of Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program practitioners on success, public approval, and coherence in the Clinton, Reagan and Bush presidencies. (Doctoral dissertation, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, IA, USA.). <em>Dissertation Abstracts International</em>, <em>58</em>(56), 2385A.</p>
<p>International Relations. (1999, December). The Flying Squad&#8211;If military might can&#8217;t secure peace, what can? Members of the Maharishi Vedic Universities tell <em>Defence Review </em>that ancient Vedic philosophy is the answer, <em>Defence Review</em>.</p>
<p>Kuhn, T.S. (1970). <em>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</em> (Second Edition, Enlarged). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</p>
<p>Leffler, D.R., Walton, K.W., Kleinschnitz, K.G., Burke, D.K., and Vegors, S. (2001, November 7). Invincible Defense A New &#8220;Secret Weapon!&#8221; <em>Canadian Centres for Teaching Peace</em>, (Available at: <a href="http://www.peace.ca/invincibledefense.htm" target="_blank">http://www.peace.ca/invincibledefense.htm</a>)</p>
<p>Leffler, D.R., Walton, K.G. &amp; Badhwar, R. (2001, June 13). Maharishi&#8217;s Supreme Military Science &#8211; A revolutionary change in the character of military intervention. <em>India Defence Consultants</em>, (Available at: <a href="http://www.indiadefence.com/SupremeMilitaryi.htm" target="_blank">http://www.indiadefence.com/SupremeMilitaryi.htm</a>)</p>
<p>Leffler, D.R., Walton, K.G, &amp; Badhwar, R. (2001, June 23). Comments regarding the IDC analysis of Maharishi&#8217;s Supreme Military Science &#8211; A Revolutionary Change in the Character of Military Intervention. <em>India Defence Consultants</em>, (Available at: <a href="http://www.indiadefence.com/maharishi1.htm" target="_blank">http://www.indiadefence.com/maharishi1.htm</a>)</p>
<p>Leffler, D.R., &amp; Leffler, L.M. (2000). Preventing war and terrorism. <em>Security And Political Risk Analysis (SAPRA) Bulletin</em>, (Available at: <a href="http://www.subcontinent.com/sapra/research/military/img_1999_12_001.html" target="_blank">http://www.subcontinent.com/sapra/research/military/img_1999_12_001.html</a>)</p>
<p>Leffler, D.R., &amp; Leffler, L.M. (2000, May/June). Spiritual politics: Consciousness-Based defense. <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tikkun</em>, <em>15</em>(3), pp. 58-59. (Available at: <a href="http://davidleffler.com/tikkun.html">http://www.davidleffler.com/tikkun.html</a>)<span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: DE;" lang="DE"></p>
<p>Leffler, D.R., Kleinschnitz, K.W., &amp; Walton, K.G. (1999, May 1). An alternative to military violence and fear-based deterrence: Twenty years of research on the Maharishi Effect. <em>Security And Political Risk Analysis (SAPRA)</em>, (Available at: <a href="http://davidleffler.com/1999/sapraalternative" target="_blank">http://davidleffler.com/1999/sapraalternative</a>)</span></p>
<p>Leffler, D.R., (1997). A Vedic approach to military defense: Reducing collective stress through the field effects of consciousness. (Doctoral Dissertation, The Union Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1997). <em>Dissertation Abstracts International</em>, <em>58</em>(08), 3298A. (Available at: <a href="http://www.davidleffler.com/doctoraldissertation.html" target="_blank">http://www.davidleffler.com/doctoraldissertation.html</a>)</p>
<p>Leffler, D.R. (1992 Spring). A new military science in Moscow. <em>Insight</em>, <em>3</em>(1), pp. 14-15. (Available at: <a href="http://www.davidleffler.com/insight.html" target="_blank">http://www.davidleffler.com/insight.html</a>)</p>
<p><a name="ednref16"></a>Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (1999, October-December). Sovereignty in Invincibility, <em>Indian Defence Review</em>, <em>15</em>(4), 189.</p>
<p>Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (1996). <em>Maharishi&#8217;s Absolute Theory of Defence.</em> India: Age of Enlightenment Publications.Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (1978). <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Enlightenment to Every Individual, Invincibility to Every Nation.</em> Rheinweiler, W. Germany: Maharishi European Research University Press.</p>
<p>Maslow, A.H. (1976). <em>Farther Reaches of Human Nature</em>. New York: Viking.Mc Enery, B., &amp; Leffler, D.R. (2003, May 26). A Scientific Formula to Create Invincible National Defense. <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Modern Tribune</em>.</p>
<p>Orme-Johnson, D. W., Gelderloos, P., &amp; Dillbeck, M. C., (1988). The Effects of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field on the U.S. quality of life (1960-1984). <em>Social Science Perspectives Journal</em>, <em>2</em>(4), 127-146.</p>
<p>Press Conference Summary (2001, September 28) &#8220;John Hagelin Returns to Washington To Support Proposal for Permanent World Peace&#8221; (Available at: <a href="http://www.hagelin.org/press_conference/summary.html" target="_blank">http://www.hagelin.org/press_conference/summary.html</a>)</p>
<p>Press Release (2001, September 11) &#8220;Army Generals Offer President Bush Alternative to Missile Defense Shield Top-Ranking Military Leader from India-Proposes &#8216;Vedic Defense Shield&#8217; for Prevention of War&#8221; (Available at: <a href="http://www.hagelin.org/news/09_05_2001.html" target="_blank">http://www.hagelin.org/news/09_05_2001.html</a>)</p>
<p>Toward a Science of Consciousness: Tucson, I, II, III, IV (1994, 1996, 1998, 2000), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.Wallace, R.K. (1993). <em>The Physiology of Consciousness</em>. Fairfield, Iowa: Maharishi International University Press.</p>
<p>Wolf, F.A. (1989). <em>Taking the Quantum Leap</em>. New York: Harper &amp; Row.Zucker, M. (2002, October). Unconventional Conflicts Call for Unconventional Solutions, <em>Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients</em>. (Available at: <a href="http://www.townsendletter.com/Oct_2002/zuckereditorial1002.htm" target="_blank">http://www.townsendletter.com/Oct_2002/zuckereditorial1002.htm</a>)<a name="endnotes"></a></p>
<h3>End Notes</h3>
<p><a name="ednref1"></a>® Transcendental Meditation, TM, and TM-Sidhi are registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office as service marks of the Maharishi Foundation Ltd. and are used under license.</p>
<p><a name="ednref2"></a>[i] Government of India&#8217;s Ministry of Defence Annual Report 2000 &#8211; 2001 (Available at: <a href="http://www.mod.nic.in/reports/welcome.html" target="_blank">http://www.mod.nic.in/reports/welcome.html</a>)</p>
<p><a name="ednref3"></a>[ii] &#8220;Annotated Bibliography Scientific Research On The Maharishi Transcendental Meditation® And TM-Sidhi® Program Volumes 1-5 And Recent Research&#8221;(Available at: <a href="http://www.tm.org/research/508_studies.html" target="_blank">http://www.tm.org/research/508_studies.html</a>)</p>
<p><a name="ednref4"></a>[iii] Hagelin, J. S. (1987). Is consciousness the unified field? A field theorist&#8217;s perspective. <em>Modern Science and Vedic Science</em>, <em>1</em>, 29-87.</p>
<p><a name="ednref5"></a>[iv] For more on this topic, see also: d &#8216;Espagnat, B. (1979). The quantum theory and reality. <em>Scientific American</em>, <em>24</em>. 158-181, and Stapp, H.P. (1993). Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics. Berlin: Springer Verlag</p>
<p><a name="ednref6"></a>[v] Borland, C., Landrith, G. S. III. (1977). Improved quality of city life through the Transcendental Meditation program: Decreased crime rate. In D. W. Orme-Johnson, J. T. Farrow, (Eds.), <em>Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 1, 639-651). Vlodrop, The Netherlands, Maharishi Vedic University Press. Also see: Assimakis, P. D. (1989). Change in the quality of life in Canada: Intervention studies of the effect of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. <em>Dissertation Abstracts International</em>, <em>50</em>(5), 2203B; Cavanaugh, K. L., &amp; King, K. D. (1988). Simultaneous transfer function analysis of Okun&#8217;s misery index: Improvements in the economic quality of life through Maharishi&#8217;s Vedic Science and technology of consciousness. <em>Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Business and Economics Statistics Section</em> (pp. 491-496).</p>
<p><a name="ednref7"></a>[vi] Dillbeck, M. C., Banus, C. B., Polanzi, C., &amp; Landrith III, G. S. (1988). Test of a field model of consciousness and social change: The Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program and decreased urban crime. <em>The Journal of Mind and Behavior</em>, <em>94</em>, 457-485. Dillbeck, M. C., Landrith III, G. S., &amp; Orme-Johnson, D. W. (1981). The Transcendental Meditation program and crime rate change in a sample of forty-eight cities. <em>Journal of Crime and Justice</em>, <em>4</em>, 25-45. Hatchard, G. D., Deans, A. J., Cavanaugh, K. L., &amp; Orme-Johnson, D. W. (1996). The Maharishi Effect: A model for social improvement. Time series analysis of a phase transition to reduced crime in Merseyside metropolitan area. <em>Psychology, Crime and Law</em>, <em>2</em>(3), 165-174.</p>
<p><a name="ednref8"></a>[vii] Abou Nader, T. M., Alexander, C. N., &amp; Davis, J. L. (1984). The Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field and reduction of armed conflict: A comparative, longitudinal study of Lebanese villages. <em>Scientific Research on Maharishi&#8217;s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program: Collected Papers</em>, (Vol. 4, pp. 2623-2633). Davies, J. L., &amp; Alexander, C. N. (1989). Alleviating political violence through enhancing coherence in collective consciousness: Impact assessment analysis of the Lebanon war. Paper presented at the 85th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, GA.</p>
<p><a name="ednref9"></a>[viii] The TM technique is taught in a standardized seven-step program requiring the participation in seven sessions of approximately 90 minutes each, spread over ten days.</p>
<p><a name="ednref10"></a>[ix] With the advanced TM-Sidhi program technology, the required number necessary for the global Maharishi Effect is equivalent to the square root of 1% of the world&#8217;s population.</p>
<p><a name="ednref11"></a>[x] Another version of this project would be to have a group of Sidhi experts in each province, equivalent to the square root of 1% of the population, ideally in association with one of the many emerging institutes for peace research for the implementation of practical, specific actions arising from the non-specific group practice.</p>
<p><a name="ednref12"></a>[xi] The most comprehensive data bank for research on Transcendental Meditation and the TM-Sidhi Program/Maharishi Effect was compiled by Deutsche MERU Gesellschaft but the site is down.</p>
<p><a name="ednref14"></a>[xii] Giulio Douhet, (1983.) <em>The Command of the Air</em>. (Translated by Dino Ferrari). Reprinted by USAF Office of History. Washington: Government Printing Office. (Original work translated in 1942), p. 30.</p>
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